LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS ON MODERN CONTRACEPTION AT TSANGANO TURNOFF COMMUNITY, NTCHEU DISTRICT, MALAWI
Abstract views: 1071
PDF downloads: 436
Keywords:
Knowledge, Adolescent Girls , Modern ContraceptionAbstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish level of knowledge among adolescent girls on modern contraception at Tsangano Turnoff community, Ntcheu District, Malawi
Methods: The study used a cross sectional study employing both simple random sampling technique for quantitative data and purposive random sampling technique for qualitative. The research instruments were self-administered questionnaires and Focused Group Discussions (FGD). Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0. Analysis proceeded in two steps. First, univariate descriptive statistics were used to describe sample characteristics and estimate contraceptive prevalence among the adolescents. Contingency table methods were used to test associations between independent (categorical) variable and utilization of contraception and the qualitative data from the FGDs was transcribed and analyzed by thematic content analysis techniques.
Results: This study found that a lot of adolescent girls had general knowledge regarding modern contraception as majority reported to have knowledge about modern contraception (73.9%). This study has shown that utilization increases with the increase in the level of knowledge as it has shown that out of the all the 54 respondents who reported to be utilizing modern contraception all of them had moderate to high knowledge regarding contraception. The results shows that utilization is highly significant statistically to knowledge as those respondents who had adequate knowledge they are four times more likely to utilize modern contraception than those who has little or no knowledge.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended that Knowledge on modern contraception is very important in the utilization of the contraceptive hence since education is one way of empowering the girl child to be a reliable citizen in future therefore the high existing knowledge reported in this study should be encouraged and be related to utilization of modern contraception and other sexual and reproductive health services.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Acayo J.E (2014). A study to determine factors affecting utilization of Family Planning Services among Women of the Reproductive Age in Padibe Town council in Lamwo District, Uganda
Ahanonu E.L (2014). Attitudes of healthcare providers towards providing contraceptives for unmarried adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Family Reprod Health. 2014 Mar; 8(1): 33-40. PubMed
Ansha M.G, Bosho C.J & Jaleta F.T (2017). Reproductive Health Services Utilization among adolescents in Anchar Dstrict, East Ethiopia, J Family & Reprod Health. 2017 Jun; 11(2):110-118.
Atchiso C.J, Mulhern E, Kapiga S, Nsanya M.K, Crawford E.E, Mohammed M, Bottomley C, Hargreaves J.R, Doyle A.M, (2018). Evaluating the impact of an intervention to increase uptake of modern contraceptives among adolescent girls (15–19 years) in Nigeria, Ethiopia and Tanzania: the Adolescents 360 quasi-experimental study protocol; BMJ Journals, volume 8,Issue 5,
Asiimwe J.B, Ndugga P & Mushoni J (2013). Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Comparison with Older women in Uganda: DHS Working Papers, ICF International Calvaverton, Maryland- USA
Bellizzi S, Sobel H.L, Obara H & Temmerman M (2015). Underuse of Modern Contraception: Underlying Causes and Consequent undesired Pregnancies in 35 Low and Middle Income Countries, Human Reproduction, Volume 30, Issue 4, April 2015, Pages 973-986.
Blackstone S.R, Nwaozuru U & Iwelunmor J, (2017). factors influencing contraceptive use in Sub Saharan Africa: A systematic Review, International Quarterly of Community Health Education, PubMed Vol 37(2), &9-91.
Carraso-Garrido P, Lopez de Andres A, Hernandez-Barreira V, Jimenez-Trujillo I, Estaben-Pena M, Perez-Farinos N & Garcia R (2016). Trends in the Use of Oral Contraception among Adolescents and Young Women in Spain, Reprod Health Journal vol. 13
Center for Disease Control (2017). Planned Parenthood: New CDC Report on U.S. Teens’ Sexual Behavior Illustrates Adolescents’ Continued Need for Sex Education and Effective Birth Control, New York-USA
Centre for Reproductive Rights (2015). the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Nairobi- Kenya www.reproductiverights.org
Chandra-Mouli V, Mc Carracher D.R, Phillips S.J, Williamson N. E & Hainsworth G (2014). Contraception for adolescents in low and middle income countries: Needs, barriers and access, Reproductive Health, 11:1
Chandra-Mouli V, Parameshwar P, Parry M, Lane C, Hainsworth G, Wong S, Menerd F.L, Scott B, Sullivan E, Kemplay M & Say L ( 2017). A Never- before opportunity to strengthen Investment and Action on adolescent Contraception and what we must do to make full use of it, Reproductive Health, DOI 10, 1186/s12978-0347-9
Chemick L.S, Schonall R, Higgins T, Stockwell M.S, Casteno P.M& Santelli P.S.D (2015). Barriers and Enablers to Contraceptive use among adolescent females and their interest in emergency department based interventions; American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology: Volume 91 Issue 3 pages 217-225, Elsevier Inc.
Chere N &Belete T (2017). Emergency Contraceptive Use and Associated Factors among Undergraduate female students in Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology Vol 9(10), pp 272-278, Oct 2017.
Cherry K (2018). Everything Psychology Book: An Introductory Guide to the Science of Human Behaviour, 2nd edition, Adams Media Corporation, Holbrook-USA
Chilinda I, Hourahane G, Pindani M, Chitsulo C &Maluwa A (2014). Attitude of Healthcare Providers towards adolescents Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in Developing Countries: A Systemic Review, Scientific Research 2014,6,1706-1713, http://www.scirp.org/journal/health.
Chofakian CBN, Borges ALV, Sato APS, Alencar GP, Dos Santos O & Fujimori E (2016). Does the Knowledge of Emergency Contraception affect its use among high school adolescents? Escala de Enfermagen, University de Sao Paulo, Cad Publica, Rio de Janeiro, 32(1):e00188214, Jan 2016.
Dorairajan G, Chinnakali P &Mohan B (2015). Knowledge , attitude and factors affecting use of Emergency Contraception in College students in South India, India J Med Res, January 2015, pp 122-124, Puducherry 605 009, India
Ejembi C.L, Dahiru T & Aliyu A.A (2015). Conceptual Factors Influencing Modern Contraceptive Use in Nigeria: DHS Working Papers No.120. Rockvile, Maryland- USA: ICF International.
Essiben F, Meka E. U.N, Foumane P, Mpako C.D.E, Ojong S & Mboudou E.T (2018). Factors Preventing the Use of Modern Contraceptive Methods in Sexually Active Adolescents in Younde, Cameroon, Obstet Gyne Col Rep 2018, Volume 2(1):1-5
Every Woman Every Child (2015). The Global Strategy for Women’s, Children and Adolescents’ health (2016-2030), Geneva- Switzerland.
Family Planning 2020 (2015). the Family Planning 2020 Commitment to Action 2014-2015, Washington DC-USA accessed at http://2014-2015progress.familypalnning2020.org on 5th October, 2018
Fishbein M & Ajzen I (2010). Predicting and Changing Behaviour: The Reasoned Action Approach, Talor and Francis, New York-USA
Gitonga I (2013). Knowledge, attitude and practices of Emergency Contraception among female undergraduate students at University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Glinski, A., M. Sexton, and S. Petroni (2014). Understanding the Adolescent Family Planning Evidence Base. International Center for Research on Women.
Health Policy Project (2015). Youth-Friendly Health Services in Malawi: Young People’s sexual experiences accessed from http://www.e2aproject.org/publications-tools/pdfs/evaluation-yfhs-malawi.pdf. On 6th May,2019
Howard S (2017). Why Adolescent Contraceptive access a Global Issue published on 11 July 2017 accessed on 15/10/2018
HP+ Policy Brief (2017). Review of Adolescent Family Planning Policies in Malawi, Washington DC-USA. Accessed on 2/4/18 at http://www.healthpolicyplus.com/n/pubs/7159- 279_MalawiadolescentFPPolicyBrief.pdf http://www.whoint/mediacentre/events/meetings/2015/un-sustainable-development-summit/en/ accessed on 23rd May, 2018.
International Center for Research on Women (2014). Understanding the Adolescent Family Planning Evidence Base accessed at http://www.icrw.org/publications/womens-demand-reproductive-control
Jain M, Jain S, Patil S & Bang A (2014). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Contraception on school going children in Wadha district in Central India, International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, obstetrics and gynecology, Vol 3(4): 903-908.
Kagashe G. A. B & Honest G (2013). Knowledge on Contraceptives among Secondary School girls in Dare Salam in Tanzania, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences vol. 3(10),pp 066-068.
Kothari C.R (2004). Research methodology methods and techniques, 2nd Revised Edition
Kunene H.S (2013). factors influencing Emergency Contraceptive use: Perspective of the students in Durban, South Africa
Lebese, R.T., Maputle, S.M., Ramathuba, D.U. & Khoza, L.B (2013). Factors influencing the uptake of contraception services by Vatsonga adolescents in rural communities of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province, South Africa, Health SA Gesondheid18(1), Art. #654, 6 pages.
Levin K.A (2014). Study design III: Cross Sectional Studies, Dental Health Services Research Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland- UK.
Malawi statistics (2015). Prevalence of Emergency Contraception in Ntcheu, NSO, Zomba- Malawi. Accessed on 18/05/2018 at https://www.knoema.com/MWMS2011/malawi-statistics-2015?region=1002090-ntcheu.
Mandiwa C, Namondwe B, Makwinja A & Zamawe C (2018). Factors Associated with Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Malawi: Analysis of 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey Data, Contracep Reprod Med.2018; 3:12.
Mannava P, Durrant K, Fisher J, Chersich M & Lutchters S (2015). Attitudes and Behaviors of Maternal Healthcare providers in Interactions with clients:
Malawi National Statistical Offices and ICF International (2016). Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2015/16, Zomba: National Statistical Office; and Calverton, MD, USA: ICF International.
Manortey S & Lotsu P (2017). Factors Affecting Contraceptive Use among Reproductive Age Women: A Case Study of Marawora Township, Ghana, Journal of Scientific Research of Reports 13(1): 1-9, 2017; article No. JSRR.29755
Mardi A, Ebadi A, Shahbazi S, Saeieh S.E & Moghadam Z.B (2018). Factors Influencing the Use of Contraceptives through the Lens of teenage women: A Qualitative Study in Iran, BMC Public Health 2018;18:202.
Mermelstein S & Plax K (2016). Contraception for Adolescents, Current Treatment Options in Pediatrics, Volume 2, Issue 3, pp 171-183.
Mda P, Yogesweran P & Wright G (2013). Knowledge, Attitude and Practices about Contraception amongst school girls aged 12-14 years in two schools in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality, Eastern Cape: Afr j Prm Healthcare fam Med 2013;5(1) art.#509
Ministry of Health & Intrahealth International (2010). Preservice Education Family Planning Reference Guide, Lilongwe- Malawi: MOH
Mugenda O. M& Mugenda A.G (1999). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Acts Press, Nairobi-Kenya
Murigi M. W (2014). Utilization of Contraceptives among Secondary School Adolescent Girls in Kiambaa Sub-County, Kiambu County –Kenya.
Murigi M, Butto D, Barasa S, Maina E & Munyalo B (2016). Overcoming Barriers to Contraceptive Uptake among Adolescents; The case of Kiambu County, Kenya, Journal of Bio-Sciences and Medicines, 4, 1-10.
Mwale M & Muula A.S (2018). Effects of adolescent exposure to behavior change interventions on their HIV risk reduction in Northern Malawi: a situation analysis, Sahara J, 2018;15(1): 146-156
Njoroge W.P (2016). Factors Influencing Uptake of Contraceptive Services among Undergraduate Students aged 18-35 at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi-Kenya.
Ochako R, Mbondo M, Aloo S, Kaimenyi S, Thompson R, Temmerman M & Kays M (2015). Barriers to Modern Contraceptives Methods Uptake among Young Women in Kenya: a Qualitative Study, BMC Public Health, 2015; 15:118.
Oluwaseun O. J, Babatola B. L & Gbamisola A (2016). Determinants of Contraceptives among female adolescents in Nigeria, Department of demography and social statistics, Federal university, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria.
Onasoga O.A, Afalayan J.A, Asamabiriowei T.F, Jibril U.N & Iman A.A (2016). Adolescents’ attitude and utilization of Emergency Contraception pills in Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region: International Journal on MCH and HIV, Vol 5, Issue 1, 53-60.
Ott M.A & Sucato G.S (2014). Contraception on Adolescents, the American Academy of Pediatrics Technical Report, Volume 134/Issue 4.
Palamuleni M.E (2013). Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors Affecting Contraception Use in Malawi; African Journal of Reproductive Health, Vol. 17 no. 3(Sept 2013), pp 91-104
Palemo T, Bleck J & Wesley E (2014). Knowledge and Use of Emergency Contraception, International Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health, Vol 40, number 2, June 2014.
Population Services International (2016). Sexual and Reproductive Health of Adolescents and Youth; Situational analysis accessed on 23/05/19 at https://www.psi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/RH_EvidenceSeries_d1.pdf.
Presler-Marshal E & Jones N (2012). Charting the Future; Empowering girls to prevent pregnancy, Save the Children, Overseas Development Institute.
Razak A.A (2016). Factors influencing non-use of modern contraception among adolescents in Sunyani municipality, University of Ghana. http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh
Reddy P, James S, Sewpaul R, Yach D, Resnicow K, Sifunda S, Mthembu Z &Mbewu A(2013).A
Savage-Oyekunle O.A.S & Nieber A (2017). Adolescent’ access to emergency contraception in Africa: An empty promise? 17 African Human Rights Law Journal 475-526.
Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763-1768.
Shiferaw B. Z, Gashaw B.T & Tesso F.Y (2015). Factors associated with utilization of Emergency Contraception among female students in Mian- Tepi University, South West Ethiopia, BMC res notes.
Shahabuddin A.S.M, Nöstlinger C, Delvaux T, Sarker M, Bardají A, De Brouwere V, and Broerse J.E.W (2016). What Influences Adolescent Girls’ Decision-making Regarding Contraceptive Methods Use and Childbearing? A Qualitative Exploratory Study in Rangpur District, Bangladesh, PLoS ONE 11(6): e0157664. doi:10.1371/journal.
Sidze E.M, Lardoux S, Speizer I.S, Faye C.M, Mutua M. M & Badji F (2014). Young Women’s Access to and use of Contraceptives: The Role of Providers’ Restrictions in Urban Senegal, International Perspectives on Sexual and reproductive Health, Vol 40(4), 176-183.
Skrzeczkowska A, Heimrath J, Surdyka J & Zalewski J (2015). Knowledge of contraceptive methods among adolescents/young adults, Pol J Public Health 2015;125(3): 144-148.
Somba M.J, Mbonile M, Obure J & Mahande M.J (2014). Sexual behavior, Contraceptive Knowledge and Use among Female Undergraduate Students of Muhimbili and Dare Salam Universities: A cross-sectional study, BMC Women’s Health, 14:94.
Subedi R (2015). Factors Influencing Modern Contraceptives Use among Adolescents in Nepal; KIT Royal Tropical Institute Health Education/ Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.
Subedi R, Jahan I & Baatsen P (2018). Factors Influencing Modern Contraceptive Use among Adolescents in Nepal, J Nepal Health Res Counc 2018 Jul-Sep; 16(40):251-6
Suleiman A.S, Abdullahi Z.G, Oguntayo O.A & Suleiman H (2018). Factors Influencing Access and Utilization of Contraceptives among Female Adolescent Girls in Some Selected Secondary schools at Samaru Community, Zaria, Nigeria, Institute of Engineers, chandigarh, India.
Tamang L, Raynes- Greenow C, Mc Geechan K & Black K (2017). Factors Associated with Contraceptive Use among Sexually Active Nepalese Youths in the Kathmandu Valley, Contraceptive and Reproductive Medicine Vol 2.
Tchokassa M.A (2018). Knowledge of Contraceptives among Female Adolescents in Selected Secondary Schools in Ife Central Local Government of Osun State- Nigeria, Journal of Caring Sciences, Volume 11/Issue 3/Page1647.
Tilahu D, Assefa T & Belachew T(2018). Predictors of Emergency Contraceptive Use among regular female students at Adama University, Central Ethiopia, Pan African Medical Journal Vol 30:1
The Strengthening Health Outcomes through the Private Sector Project (2015). Use of modern contraception among young women and the role of the private sector: a global analysis. The SHOPS Project. Accessed online 23/05/19 at http://www.shopsproject.org/content/topic-use-ofmodern-contraception-among-young-women-and-the-roleof-the-private-sector-a-glo
The World Bank Group (2016). Policy Brief Malawi: Adolescent girls in Malawi, Lilongwe – Malawi accessed at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/.../K8889.pdf?
Tshitenge ST, Nlisi K, Setlhare V & Ogundipe R (2018). Knowledge, attitudes and practice of healthcare providers regarding contraceptive use in adolescence in Mahalapye, Botswana, South African Family Practice, 60:6, 181-186
UN DESA (2017). Population Division; World Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition, New York –USA.
UNFPA (2004). Programme Action: the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo- Egypt (5-13 September, 1994) accessed on 7 December 2017 at https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/event-pdf/PoA_en.pdf
United Nations Population Fund (2013). Motherhood in Childhood: Facing Challenges of Adolescents, studies in Family Planning, Vol 34(3), UNFPA, New York.
United Nations Population Fund (2015). Girlhood not Motherhood; Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy, New York- USA.
United Nations (2015). Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Now: United Nations UNGA Resolutions. Accessed at http://www.un.org/ga/search/view.doc.asp:symbol=A/Res/70/&Lang=E
Woog J, Bankiole V.A & Ashford L.S (2016). Adding Up; Costs and Benefits of meeting the Contraceptive Neeeds of Adolescents, Guttmacher, New York- USA decade of tobacco control: The South African Case of Politics, health policy, health promotion and behavior change: SAMJ: South Africa Medical Journal. 103(11), 835-840.
World Health Organization (2015). UN Sustainable Development Summit, Geneva-Swizerland.
World Health Organization (2018). Contraception Factsheets, Geneva- Switzerland
World Health Organization (2018). Family Planning/Contraception, 20 Avenue Appia, 12 Geneva 27–Switzerland accessed at www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/family-planning-contraception. On 8/10/18
World Health Organization (2018). Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, Geneva-Switzerland
Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (2011). the Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey, 2010/11, Harare-Zimbabwe.
Ahanonu E.L (2014). Attitudes of healthcare providers towards providing contraceptives for unmarried adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Family Reprod Health. 2014 Mar; 8(1): 33-40. PubMed
Ansha M.G, Bosho C.J & Jaleta F.T (2017). Reproductive Health Services Utilization among adolescents in Anchar Dstrict, East Ethiopia, J Family & Reprod Health. 2017 Jun; 11(2):110-118.
Atchiso C.J, Mulhern E, Kapiga S, Nsanya M.K, Crawford E.E, Mohammed M, Bottomley C, Hargreaves J.R, Doyle A.M, (2018). Evaluating the impact of an intervention to increase uptake of modern contraceptives among adolescent girls (15–19 years) in Nigeria, Ethiopia and Tanzania: the Adolescents 360 quasi-experimental study protocol; BMJ Journals, volume 8,Issue 5,
Asiimwe J.B, Ndugga P & Mushoni J (2013). Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Comparison with Older women in Uganda: DHS Working Papers, ICF International Calvaverton, Maryland- USA
Bellizzi S, Sobel H.L, Obara H & Temmerman M (2015). Underuse of Modern Contraception: Underlying Causes and Consequent undesired Pregnancies in 35 Low and Middle Income Countries, Human Reproduction, Volume 30, Issue 4, April 2015, Pages 973-986.
Blackstone S.R, Nwaozuru U & Iwelunmor J, (2017). factors influencing contraceptive use in Sub Saharan Africa: A systematic Review, International Quarterly of Community Health Education, PubMed Vol 37(2), &9-91.
Carraso-Garrido P, Lopez de Andres A, Hernandez-Barreira V, Jimenez-Trujillo I, Estaben-Pena M, Perez-Farinos N & Garcia R (2016). Trends in the Use of Oral Contraception among Adolescents and Young Women in Spain, Reprod Health Journal vol. 13
Center for Disease Control (2017). Planned Parenthood: New CDC Report on U.S. Teens’ Sexual Behavior Illustrates Adolescents’ Continued Need for Sex Education and Effective Birth Control, New York-USA
Centre for Reproductive Rights (2015). the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Nairobi- Kenya www.reproductiverights.org
Chandra-Mouli V, Mc Carracher D.R, Phillips S.J, Williamson N. E & Hainsworth G (2014). Contraception for adolescents in low and middle income countries: Needs, barriers and access, Reproductive Health, 11:1
Chandra-Mouli V, Parameshwar P, Parry M, Lane C, Hainsworth G, Wong S, Menerd F.L, Scott B, Sullivan E, Kemplay M & Say L ( 2017). A Never- before opportunity to strengthen Investment and Action on adolescent Contraception and what we must do to make full use of it, Reproductive Health, DOI 10, 1186/s12978-0347-9
Chemick L.S, Schonall R, Higgins T, Stockwell M.S, Casteno P.M& Santelli P.S.D (2015). Barriers and Enablers to Contraceptive use among adolescent females and their interest in emergency department based interventions; American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology: Volume 91 Issue 3 pages 217-225, Elsevier Inc.
Chere N &Belete T (2017). Emergency Contraceptive Use and Associated Factors among Undergraduate female students in Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology Vol 9(10), pp 272-278, Oct 2017.
Cherry K (2018). Everything Psychology Book: An Introductory Guide to the Science of Human Behaviour, 2nd edition, Adams Media Corporation, Holbrook-USA
Chilinda I, Hourahane G, Pindani M, Chitsulo C &Maluwa A (2014). Attitude of Healthcare Providers towards adolescents Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in Developing Countries: A Systemic Review, Scientific Research 2014,6,1706-1713, http://www.scirp.org/journal/health.
Chofakian CBN, Borges ALV, Sato APS, Alencar GP, Dos Santos O & Fujimori E (2016). Does the Knowledge of Emergency Contraception affect its use among high school adolescents? Escala de Enfermagen, University de Sao Paulo, Cad Publica, Rio de Janeiro, 32(1):e00188214, Jan 2016.
Dorairajan G, Chinnakali P &Mohan B (2015). Knowledge , attitude and factors affecting use of Emergency Contraception in College students in South India, India J Med Res, January 2015, pp 122-124, Puducherry 605 009, India
Ejembi C.L, Dahiru T & Aliyu A.A (2015). Conceptual Factors Influencing Modern Contraceptive Use in Nigeria: DHS Working Papers No.120. Rockvile, Maryland- USA: ICF International.
Essiben F, Meka E. U.N, Foumane P, Mpako C.D.E, Ojong S & Mboudou E.T (2018). Factors Preventing the Use of Modern Contraceptive Methods in Sexually Active Adolescents in Younde, Cameroon, Obstet Gyne Col Rep 2018, Volume 2(1):1-5
Every Woman Every Child (2015). The Global Strategy for Women’s, Children and Adolescents’ health (2016-2030), Geneva- Switzerland.
Family Planning 2020 (2015). the Family Planning 2020 Commitment to Action 2014-2015, Washington DC-USA accessed at http://2014-2015progress.familypalnning2020.org on 5th October, 2018
Fishbein M & Ajzen I (2010). Predicting and Changing Behaviour: The Reasoned Action Approach, Talor and Francis, New York-USA
Gitonga I (2013). Knowledge, attitude and practices of Emergency Contraception among female undergraduate students at University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Glinski, A., M. Sexton, and S. Petroni (2014). Understanding the Adolescent Family Planning Evidence Base. International Center for Research on Women.
Health Policy Project (2015). Youth-Friendly Health Services in Malawi: Young People’s sexual experiences accessed from http://www.e2aproject.org/publications-tools/pdfs/evaluation-yfhs-malawi.pdf. On 6th May,2019
Howard S (2017). Why Adolescent Contraceptive access a Global Issue published on 11 July 2017 accessed on 15/10/2018
HP+ Policy Brief (2017). Review of Adolescent Family Planning Policies in Malawi, Washington DC-USA. Accessed on 2/4/18 at http://www.healthpolicyplus.com/n/pubs/7159- 279_MalawiadolescentFPPolicyBrief.pdf http://www.whoint/mediacentre/events/meetings/2015/un-sustainable-development-summit/en/ accessed on 23rd May, 2018.
International Center for Research on Women (2014). Understanding the Adolescent Family Planning Evidence Base accessed at http://www.icrw.org/publications/womens-demand-reproductive-control
Jain M, Jain S, Patil S & Bang A (2014). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Contraception on school going children in Wadha district in Central India, International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, obstetrics and gynecology, Vol 3(4): 903-908.
Kagashe G. A. B & Honest G (2013). Knowledge on Contraceptives among Secondary School girls in Dare Salam in Tanzania, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences vol. 3(10),pp 066-068.
Kothari C.R (2004). Research methodology methods and techniques, 2nd Revised Edition
Kunene H.S (2013). factors influencing Emergency Contraceptive use: Perspective of the students in Durban, South Africa
Lebese, R.T., Maputle, S.M., Ramathuba, D.U. & Khoza, L.B (2013). Factors influencing the uptake of contraception services by Vatsonga adolescents in rural communities of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province, South Africa, Health SA Gesondheid18(1), Art. #654, 6 pages.
Levin K.A (2014). Study design III: Cross Sectional Studies, Dental Health Services Research Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland- UK.
Malawi statistics (2015). Prevalence of Emergency Contraception in Ntcheu, NSO, Zomba- Malawi. Accessed on 18/05/2018 at https://www.knoema.com/MWMS2011/malawi-statistics-2015?region=1002090-ntcheu.
Mandiwa C, Namondwe B, Makwinja A & Zamawe C (2018). Factors Associated with Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Malawi: Analysis of 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey Data, Contracep Reprod Med.2018; 3:12.
Mannava P, Durrant K, Fisher J, Chersich M & Lutchters S (2015). Attitudes and Behaviors of Maternal Healthcare providers in Interactions with clients:
Malawi National Statistical Offices and ICF International (2016). Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2015/16, Zomba: National Statistical Office; and Calverton, MD, USA: ICF International.
Manortey S & Lotsu P (2017). Factors Affecting Contraceptive Use among Reproductive Age Women: A Case Study of Marawora Township, Ghana, Journal of Scientific Research of Reports 13(1): 1-9, 2017; article No. JSRR.29755
Mardi A, Ebadi A, Shahbazi S, Saeieh S.E & Moghadam Z.B (2018). Factors Influencing the Use of Contraceptives through the Lens of teenage women: A Qualitative Study in Iran, BMC Public Health 2018;18:202.
Mermelstein S & Plax K (2016). Contraception for Adolescents, Current Treatment Options in Pediatrics, Volume 2, Issue 3, pp 171-183.
Mda P, Yogesweran P & Wright G (2013). Knowledge, Attitude and Practices about Contraception amongst school girls aged 12-14 years in two schools in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality, Eastern Cape: Afr j Prm Healthcare fam Med 2013;5(1) art.#509
Ministry of Health & Intrahealth International (2010). Preservice Education Family Planning Reference Guide, Lilongwe- Malawi: MOH
Mugenda O. M& Mugenda A.G (1999). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Acts Press, Nairobi-Kenya
Murigi M. W (2014). Utilization of Contraceptives among Secondary School Adolescent Girls in Kiambaa Sub-County, Kiambu County –Kenya.
Murigi M, Butto D, Barasa S, Maina E & Munyalo B (2016). Overcoming Barriers to Contraceptive Uptake among Adolescents; The case of Kiambu County, Kenya, Journal of Bio-Sciences and Medicines, 4, 1-10.
Mwale M & Muula A.S (2018). Effects of adolescent exposure to behavior change interventions on their HIV risk reduction in Northern Malawi: a situation analysis, Sahara J, 2018;15(1): 146-156
Njoroge W.P (2016). Factors Influencing Uptake of Contraceptive Services among Undergraduate Students aged 18-35 at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi-Kenya.
Ochako R, Mbondo M, Aloo S, Kaimenyi S, Thompson R, Temmerman M & Kays M (2015). Barriers to Modern Contraceptives Methods Uptake among Young Women in Kenya: a Qualitative Study, BMC Public Health, 2015; 15:118.
Oluwaseun O. J, Babatola B. L & Gbamisola A (2016). Determinants of Contraceptives among female adolescents in Nigeria, Department of demography and social statistics, Federal university, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria.
Onasoga O.A, Afalayan J.A, Asamabiriowei T.F, Jibril U.N & Iman A.A (2016). Adolescents’ attitude and utilization of Emergency Contraception pills in Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region: International Journal on MCH and HIV, Vol 5, Issue 1, 53-60.
Ott M.A & Sucato G.S (2014). Contraception on Adolescents, the American Academy of Pediatrics Technical Report, Volume 134/Issue 4.
Palamuleni M.E (2013). Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors Affecting Contraception Use in Malawi; African Journal of Reproductive Health, Vol. 17 no. 3(Sept 2013), pp 91-104
Palemo T, Bleck J & Wesley E (2014). Knowledge and Use of Emergency Contraception, International Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health, Vol 40, number 2, June 2014.
Population Services International (2016). Sexual and Reproductive Health of Adolescents and Youth; Situational analysis accessed on 23/05/19 at https://www.psi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/RH_EvidenceSeries_d1.pdf.
Presler-Marshal E & Jones N (2012). Charting the Future; Empowering girls to prevent pregnancy, Save the Children, Overseas Development Institute.
Razak A.A (2016). Factors influencing non-use of modern contraception among adolescents in Sunyani municipality, University of Ghana. http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh
Reddy P, James S, Sewpaul R, Yach D, Resnicow K, Sifunda S, Mthembu Z &Mbewu A(2013).A
Savage-Oyekunle O.A.S & Nieber A (2017). Adolescent’ access to emergency contraception in Africa: An empty promise? 17 African Human Rights Law Journal 475-526.
Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763-1768.
Shiferaw B. Z, Gashaw B.T & Tesso F.Y (2015). Factors associated with utilization of Emergency Contraception among female students in Mian- Tepi University, South West Ethiopia, BMC res notes.
Shahabuddin A.S.M, Nöstlinger C, Delvaux T, Sarker M, Bardají A, De Brouwere V, and Broerse J.E.W (2016). What Influences Adolescent Girls’ Decision-making Regarding Contraceptive Methods Use and Childbearing? A Qualitative Exploratory Study in Rangpur District, Bangladesh, PLoS ONE 11(6): e0157664. doi:10.1371/journal.
Sidze E.M, Lardoux S, Speizer I.S, Faye C.M, Mutua M. M & Badji F (2014). Young Women’s Access to and use of Contraceptives: The Role of Providers’ Restrictions in Urban Senegal, International Perspectives on Sexual and reproductive Health, Vol 40(4), 176-183.
Skrzeczkowska A, Heimrath J, Surdyka J & Zalewski J (2015). Knowledge of contraceptive methods among adolescents/young adults, Pol J Public Health 2015;125(3): 144-148.
Somba M.J, Mbonile M, Obure J & Mahande M.J (2014). Sexual behavior, Contraceptive Knowledge and Use among Female Undergraduate Students of Muhimbili and Dare Salam Universities: A cross-sectional study, BMC Women’s Health, 14:94.
Subedi R (2015). Factors Influencing Modern Contraceptives Use among Adolescents in Nepal; KIT Royal Tropical Institute Health Education/ Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.
Subedi R, Jahan I & Baatsen P (2018). Factors Influencing Modern Contraceptive Use among Adolescents in Nepal, J Nepal Health Res Counc 2018 Jul-Sep; 16(40):251-6
Suleiman A.S, Abdullahi Z.G, Oguntayo O.A & Suleiman H (2018). Factors Influencing Access and Utilization of Contraceptives among Female Adolescent Girls in Some Selected Secondary schools at Samaru Community, Zaria, Nigeria, Institute of Engineers, chandigarh, India.
Tamang L, Raynes- Greenow C, Mc Geechan K & Black K (2017). Factors Associated with Contraceptive Use among Sexually Active Nepalese Youths in the Kathmandu Valley, Contraceptive and Reproductive Medicine Vol 2.
Tchokassa M.A (2018). Knowledge of Contraceptives among Female Adolescents in Selected Secondary Schools in Ife Central Local Government of Osun State- Nigeria, Journal of Caring Sciences, Volume 11/Issue 3/Page1647.
Tilahu D, Assefa T & Belachew T(2018). Predictors of Emergency Contraceptive Use among regular female students at Adama University, Central Ethiopia, Pan African Medical Journal Vol 30:1
The Strengthening Health Outcomes through the Private Sector Project (2015). Use of modern contraception among young women and the role of the private sector: a global analysis. The SHOPS Project. Accessed online 23/05/19 at http://www.shopsproject.org/content/topic-use-ofmodern-contraception-among-young-women-and-the-roleof-the-private-sector-a-glo
The World Bank Group (2016). Policy Brief Malawi: Adolescent girls in Malawi, Lilongwe – Malawi accessed at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/.../K8889.pdf?
Tshitenge ST, Nlisi K, Setlhare V & Ogundipe R (2018). Knowledge, attitudes and practice of healthcare providers regarding contraceptive use in adolescence in Mahalapye, Botswana, South African Family Practice, 60:6, 181-186
UN DESA (2017). Population Division; World Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition, New York –USA.
UNFPA (2004). Programme Action: the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo- Egypt (5-13 September, 1994) accessed on 7 December 2017 at https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/event-pdf/PoA_en.pdf
United Nations Population Fund (2013). Motherhood in Childhood: Facing Challenges of Adolescents, studies in Family Planning, Vol 34(3), UNFPA, New York.
United Nations Population Fund (2015). Girlhood not Motherhood; Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy, New York- USA.
United Nations (2015). Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Now: United Nations UNGA Resolutions. Accessed at http://www.un.org/ga/search/view.doc.asp:symbol=A/Res/70/&Lang=E
Woog J, Bankiole V.A & Ashford L.S (2016). Adding Up; Costs and Benefits of meeting the Contraceptive Neeeds of Adolescents, Guttmacher, New York- USA decade of tobacco control: The South African Case of Politics, health policy, health promotion and behavior change: SAMJ: South Africa Medical Journal. 103(11), 835-840.
World Health Organization (2015). UN Sustainable Development Summit, Geneva-Swizerland.
World Health Organization (2018). Contraception Factsheets, Geneva- Switzerland
World Health Organization (2018). Family Planning/Contraception, 20 Avenue Appia, 12 Geneva 27–Switzerland accessed at www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/family-planning-contraception. On 8/10/18
World Health Organization (2018). Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, Geneva-Switzerland
Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (2011). the Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey, 2010/11, Harare-Zimbabwe.
Downloads
Published
2019-12-09
How to Cite
Damson, E. C., Kabue, D., & Keraka, P. M. (2019). LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS ON MODERN CONTRACEPTION AT TSANGANO TURNOFF COMMUNITY, NTCHEU DISTRICT, MALAWI. Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing, 4(6), 29 – 42. Retrieved from https://www.iprjb.org/journals/index.php/JHMN/article/view/1019
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
