THE SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE: THE MANDATE AND THE CHALLENGES
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Keywords:
International criminal tribunals, Post conflict stability, Special court for Sierra Leone, Transitional justiceAbstract
Purpose: The Special Court for Sierra Leone was set up in 2002 as a transitional justice mechanism after the country’s ten year civil war. The court concluded its sitting in 2013. The study explored the nexus between expectations of the people and the actual mandate of the court in respect of compensation and also ascertained the appropriateness of the court as a transitional justice mechanism.
Methodology: The study adopted multi stage sampling technique in selecting the four towns in Sierra Leone which were studied. The major instrument of data collection was validated questionnaire supplemented by a semi structure interview guide.
Findings: The study found that though the court had no mandate to compensate victims, 63% of the respondents expected that the court would give monetary compensation to the victims while 60% felt that the victims should have been compensated. The study concluded that there was a divergence between the expectations of people and the actual mandate of the Special Court though the court was the appropriate mechanism at the time for transitional justice in Sierra Leone.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy:The study recommended that future criminal tribunals employed as transitional justice mechanisms should be empowered to compensate victims and also such tribunals should be ad hoc and sit in the country of conflict.
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References
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Akinrinade, B. (2011). International humanitarian law and conflict in Sierra Leone. Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics and Public policy, 15(2), 392-453.
Apuuli, K. P. (2011). Fictions of justice: the International Criminal Court and the challenges of legal pluralism in sub-saharan Africa. African Studies Review, 54(3), 198-100.
Arieff, A., Mergerson, R., Browne, M.A. & Weed, C.M. (2011) International Criminal Court cases in Africa: status and policy Issues. (Congressional Research Services). RL34665. CRS report for Congress.
Arthur, P. (2009). How ‘transition’ reshaped human rights: a conceptual history of transitional justice. Human Rights Quarterly, 31,321-367
Ayittet, G. (2018). Justice in the wake of civil war: Sierra Leone and Rwanda. Reason, 49(11), 64-68
Bellows, J. & Miguel E. (2009). War and collective action in Sierra Leone, Journal of Public Economics.
Benyera, E. (2014). Exploring Zimbabwe’s traditional transitional justice mechanism. Journal of Social Science, 41(3), 335-344.
Bisset, A., Moxham, L. & Zyl-Smit, J. (2014). The rule of law and transitional Justice in Nepal: options for coordinating a Truth Commission, Criminal Justice Mechanism and Personnel Reforms. (Bingham Centre Working Paper) Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law.
Boriane, A. (2006). A transitional justice. In C. Heynes, and S. Karen (eds.) Human Rights, peace and justice in Africa: a reader (p.365-368). Pretoria; Pretoria University Law Press.
Carneiro, D., Novais, P. & Nevers, J. (2014). Traditional and alternative ways to solve conflict. InConflict Resolution and its Context. Law, Governance and Technology Series 18, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-06239-6_2,
Chitsike, K. (2012). Transitional justice options for Zimbabwe: a guide to key concepts. Wynberg, (South Africa); Institute for Justice and Reconciliation
Corradetti, C. (2013). Philosophical issues in transitional justice theory: a (provisional) balance. Politica and Societa, 2, 185-220.
Country Watch (2017). Country Review. Available at www.countrywatch.com assessed 20/1/18.
Dame, F. (2015). The effect of International Criminal Tribunals on local judicial culture: the supremacy of the hybrid tribunals. Michigan State International Law Review, 24(1), 211-278.
Dana, S. (2014. The sentencing legacy of the Special Court of Sierra Leone. Georgia Journal of International and comparative law, 42(3), 617-686.
Dukic, D. (2007). Transitional justice and the International Criminal Court- in “the interest of justice?” International Review of the Red Cross, 89 (867), 691-720.
Dushimimana, L. (2013). State’s cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Rwandan Journal, 1(1), 71-90
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Fletcher, E. (2016). A wolf in sheep’s clothing? Transitional justice and effacement of state accountability for international crimes. Forham International Law Journal, 39(3), 447-531
Foley, C. (2013). Normative developments in the protection of civilians in armed conflicts. In Hamann, E. & Muggah, R. (eds.). Implementing the responsibility to protect: new direction for international peace and security (pp 10-17). Brasilia; Igarape Institute.
Gagro F. S. (2014). The responsibility to protect doctrine. International Journal of Social Sciences, III(1), 61-67
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Hayner, P. (2007). Negotiating peace in Sierra Leone: confronting the justice challenge. Geneva; Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue.
Hazan P. (2006). Measuring the impact of punishment and forgiveness: a frame work for evaluating transitional justice. International Review of the Red Cross, 88(861), 19 – 47
Higbie, J. & Moigula, B. (2017). Sierra Leone inside the war: history and narratives. Thailand; Orchid Press.
Hoile, D. (2012) Is the ICC fit for purpose? New African, 515, 8-14
Igwe, C. (2008). The ICC’s favourite customer: Africa and the international criminal law. The comparative and international Law Journal of South Africa, 41(2), 294-323.
Ikelegbe, A. (2010). Oil, resource conflict in the Niger delta region: beyond the amnesty. Benin (Nigeria): Centre for Population and Environmental Development
Jalloh, C. (2007). The contribution of the Special Court for Sierra Leone to the development of international law. African Journal of International and Comparative Law, 15, 165-207.
Jalloh, C. (2015). The law and politics of the Charles Taylor’s case. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 43(9), 229-316.
Karzan, B. (2016). International criminal court: facing the peace v justice dilemma. International Comparative Jurisprudence, 2, 81-88.
Kaufman, Z. D. (2008). Transitional justice delayed is not transitional justice denied: contemporary confrontation of Japanese human experimentation during WW II through people’s tribunal. Yale Law and Policy Review, 26(2), 645-659.
Keller, Linda (2008). The false dichotomy of peace versus justice and the International Criminal Court. Hague Justice Journal, 3(1), 1-36.
Lambourne, W. (2004). Post conflict peace building: meeting human needs for justice and reconciliation. Peace, Conflict and Development, 4, 1-24
Leebaw, B. A. (2008). The irreconcilable goals of transitional justice. Human Rights Quarterly, 30(1), 95-118
Lundy, P. & McGovern M. (2008). Whose justice?: rethinking transitional justice from the bottom up. Journal of Law and Society, 35(2), 265-292.
Materni, M. (2013). Criminal punishment and pursuit of justice. British Journal of Legal Studies, 2, 263 – 304.
McCrary, J. & Chalfin, A. (2017). Criminal deterrence; a review of the literature. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(1), 5-48.
Meyer, J. (1969). Reflections on some theories of punishment. Journal of criminal law and criminology, 59(4), 595-598.
Miall, H. (2004). Conflict transformation: a multi-dimensional task. http:/www. Berghof-handbook.net accessed on 1/4/2017
Mishra, S. (2016). Theories of punishment-a philosophical aspect. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(8), 74 – 78.
Mutua, M. (2015). What is the future of transitional justice?. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 9, 1-9
Nkansah, L. (2011). International criminal justice in Africa: some emerging dynamics Journal of Politics and Law, 4(2), 74-84
Nkansah, L. (2011b). Restorative Justice in transitional Sierra Leone. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 1(1), 157-173.
Nkansah, L. (2014). The ICC in the trenches in Africa. African Journal of International Criminal Justice, 1(1), 8-37
Olsen, T., Payne, L., & Reiter, A. (2010). Transitional justice in the world, 1970-2007: insights from a new dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 47(6), 803-809
Paffenholz, T. (2009). Understanding peace building theory: Management, resolution and transformation. New Routes, 14(2), 3- 6
Pearson, K. & Pedersen, A. (2016). Uganda: perfection of post conflict stability or ticking time bomb. (INSS Research Paper). U S Air force Institute for National Security Studies. Colorado: USAF Academy. 1-19.
Posner, E. & Vermeule, A. (2004). Transitional justice as ordinary justice. Harvard Law Review, 117(3), 761-825
Pupparo, C. (2015). The responsibility to protect: emerging norm or failed doctrine? Global Tides, 9(9), 1-21
Quadric, S. (2005). Ahmad Siddigne’s Criminology: Problems and Perspectives (5th ed.) Luckmous, (New Delhi): Eastern Book Company.
Quinn, J. Mason, T., & Gurses, M. (2007). Sustaining the peace: determinants of civil war recurrence. International interaction, 33(2), 167-193.
Quinn, R. (2009). Chicken and egg? Sequencing in transitional justice: the case of Uganda. International Journal of Peace Studies, 14(2), 35-53
Rubin, B. (2003). Transitional justice and human right in Afghanistan. International Affairs,79(3), 567-81
Rubli, S. (2013) (Re)making the Social World: The Politics of Transitional Justice in Burundi. African Spectrum, 48(1) 3-24.
Schocken, C. (2002). The special court for Sierra Leone: overview and recommendations. Berkeley Journal of International Law, 20(2), 436-461.
Sesay, M, & Suma, M. (2009). Transitional Justice and DDR: the case of Sierra Leone. International Centre for Transitional Justice. Available at www.ictj.org
Sharp, D. (2013). Interrogating the peripheries: the preoccupation of 4th generation transitional justice. Harvard Human Rights Journal, 26, 149-178
Sooka,Y. (2006). Dealing with the past and transitional peace building peace through accountability. International Review of the Red Cross, 88(862), 311-325
Stensrud, E. (2009). New dilemmas in transitional justice: lessons from the mixed courts in Sierra Leone and Cambodia. Journal of Peace Research, 46(1), 5-15
Suhrke, A. & Samset I. (2007). What’s in a figure? estimating recurrence of civil wars. International peace keeping, 14(2), 195-203
Szpak, A. (2013). Legacy of the ad hoc international criminal tribunals in implementing international humanitarian law. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(9), 525-531
Tenove, C. (2013). Uganda and the International Criminal Court: debates and developments. Africa Portal, 1-11
Vieille, S. (2012). ‘Transitional justice’: a colonizing field? Amsterdam Law Forum, 4 (3), 58-68.
Westberg, M. (2010). Rwanda’s use of transitional justice after genocide: the gacaca courts and the ICTR. Kansa Law Review, 59, 331-367.
Wierzynska, A. (2006). Consolidating democracy through transitional justice: Rwanda’s gacaca courts. In C. Heynes,& S. Karen (eds.). Human Rights, Peace and Justice in Africa: a reader (p. 383-389). Pretoria: Pretoria University Law Press.
Wilson, T. (2008). The International Criminal Court: creation, competence and impact in Africa. African Journal of Criminology and Justice, 3(2), 85-103.
Wright, V. (2010). Deterrence in Criminal Justice: evaluating certainty vs. severity of punishment. Washington D.C.; The sentencing Project. (www. sentencingproject.org accessed 6th May 2017).
Aiken, N. (2008). Post conflict peace building and politics of identity: insights for restoration and reconciliation in transitional justice. Peace and Research, 40(2), 9-38
Ainley, K., Friedman, R., & Mahony, C . (2015). Transitional Justice in Sierra Leone: theory, history and evaluation. In Ainley, K., Friedman, R., & Mahony, C . (eds.) Evaluating transitional justice: accountability and peace building in post conflict Sierra Leone (p. 1-18). Hampshire (England); Palmgrave-Macmillan.
Akinrinade, B. (2011). International humanitarian law and conflict in Sierra Leone. Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics and Public policy, 15(2), 392-453.
Apuuli, K. P. (2011). Fictions of justice: the International Criminal Court and the challenges of legal pluralism in sub-saharan Africa. African Studies Review, 54(3), 198-100.
Arieff, A., Mergerson, R., Browne, M.A. & Weed, C.M. (2011) International Criminal Court cases in Africa: status and policy Issues. (Congressional Research Services). RL34665. CRS report for Congress.
Arthur, P. (2009). How ‘transition’ reshaped human rights: a conceptual history of transitional justice. Human Rights Quarterly, 31,321-367
Ayittet, G. (2018). Justice in the wake of civil war: Sierra Leone and Rwanda. Reason, 49(11), 64-68
Bellows, J. & Miguel E. (2009). War and collective action in Sierra Leone, Journal of Public Economics.
Benyera, E. (2014). Exploring Zimbabwe’s traditional transitional justice mechanism. Journal of Social Science, 41(3), 335-344.
Bisset, A., Moxham, L. & Zyl-Smit, J. (2014). The rule of law and transitional Justice in Nepal: options for coordinating a Truth Commission, Criminal Justice Mechanism and Personnel Reforms. (Bingham Centre Working Paper) Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law.
Boriane, A. (2006). A transitional justice. In C. Heynes, and S. Karen (eds.) Human Rights, peace and justice in Africa: a reader (p.365-368). Pretoria; Pretoria University Law Press.
Carneiro, D., Novais, P. & Nevers, J. (2014). Traditional and alternative ways to solve conflict. InConflict Resolution and its Context. Law, Governance and Technology Series 18, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-06239-6_2,
Chitsike, K. (2012). Transitional justice options for Zimbabwe: a guide to key concepts. Wynberg, (South Africa); Institute for Justice and Reconciliation
Corradetti, C. (2013). Philosophical issues in transitional justice theory: a (provisional) balance. Politica and Societa, 2, 185-220.
Country Watch (2017). Country Review. Available at www.countrywatch.com assessed 20/1/18.
Dame, F. (2015). The effect of International Criminal Tribunals on local judicial culture: the supremacy of the hybrid tribunals. Michigan State International Law Review, 24(1), 211-278.
Dana, S. (2014. The sentencing legacy of the Special Court of Sierra Leone. Georgia Journal of International and comparative law, 42(3), 617-686.
Dukic, D. (2007). Transitional justice and the International Criminal Court- in “the interest of justice?” International Review of the Red Cross, 89 (867), 691-720.
Dushimimana, L. (2013). State’s cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Rwandan Journal, 1(1), 71-90
Evenson, E. (2004). Truth and justice in Sierra Leone: Coordination between Commission and Court. Colombia Law Review, 104(3), 730-767
Faith-Lihic, A. & Brancati, D. (2017). Election and peace building-why the timing and sequencing of transitional elections matter. Available at www.kofiannanfoundation.org/app/uploads/2017/05/elections-and-peacebuilding.pdf. Accessed 27/12/17
Fischer, M. (2011). Transitional justice and reconciliation: theory and practice. In B. Austin, M. Fischer, & H.J. Giessmann, (eds.)(pp 405-31). Advancing Conflict Transformation. The Berghoff HandbookII. Oplladen/Framington Hills. Barbara Budhrich Publishers.,
Fletcher, E. (2009). Institutions from above and voices from below: a comment on challenges to group –conflict resolution and reconciliation. Law and Contemporary Problem, 72(2), 51-55
Fletcher, E. (2016). A wolf in sheep’s clothing? Transitional justice and effacement of state accountability for international crimes. Forham International Law Journal, 39(3), 447-531
Foley, C. (2013). Normative developments in the protection of civilians in armed conflicts. In Hamann, E. & Muggah, R. (eds.). Implementing the responsibility to protect: new direction for international peace and security (pp 10-17). Brasilia; Igarape Institute.
Gagro F. S. (2014). The responsibility to protect doctrine. International Journal of Social Sciences, III(1), 61-67
Goes, I. (2013). Between truth and amnesia: state terrorism, human rights violation and transitional justice in Brazil. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 94, 83-96.
Government of Sierra Leone (2017). Statistics Sierra Leone. Freetown; Government of Sierra Leone.
Grodsky, B. (2009). Re-ordering justice: towards a new methodological approach to studying transitional justice. Journal of Peace Research, 46(6), 819-837
Grono, N. & O’Brien, A. (2008). Justice in conflict?: the ICC and the peace process. In Wadell, Nicholas & Clark, Phil (eds.) Courting conflict?: Justice, peace and ICC in Africa (p.1-81). London: Royal African Society.
Hayner, P. (2007). Negotiating peace in Sierra Leone: confronting the justice challenge. Geneva; Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue.
Hazan P. (2006). Measuring the impact of punishment and forgiveness: a frame work for evaluating transitional justice. International Review of the Red Cross, 88(861), 19 – 47
Higbie, J. & Moigula, B. (2017). Sierra Leone inside the war: history and narratives. Thailand; Orchid Press.
Hoile, D. (2012) Is the ICC fit for purpose? New African, 515, 8-14
Igwe, C. (2008). The ICC’s favourite customer: Africa and the international criminal law. The comparative and international Law Journal of South Africa, 41(2), 294-323.
Ikelegbe, A. (2010). Oil, resource conflict in the Niger delta region: beyond the amnesty. Benin (Nigeria): Centre for Population and Environmental Development
Jalloh, C. (2007). The contribution of the Special Court for Sierra Leone to the development of international law. African Journal of International and Comparative Law, 15, 165-207.
Jalloh, C. (2015). The law and politics of the Charles Taylor’s case. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 43(9), 229-316.
Karzan, B. (2016). International criminal court: facing the peace v justice dilemma. International Comparative Jurisprudence, 2, 81-88.
Kaufman, Z. D. (2008). Transitional justice delayed is not transitional justice denied: contemporary confrontation of Japanese human experimentation during WW II through people’s tribunal. Yale Law and Policy Review, 26(2), 645-659.
Keller, Linda (2008). The false dichotomy of peace versus justice and the International Criminal Court. Hague Justice Journal, 3(1), 1-36.
Lambourne, W. (2004). Post conflict peace building: meeting human needs for justice and reconciliation. Peace, Conflict and Development, 4, 1-24
Leebaw, B. A. (2008). The irreconcilable goals of transitional justice. Human Rights Quarterly, 30(1), 95-118
Lundy, P. & McGovern M. (2008). Whose justice?: rethinking transitional justice from the bottom up. Journal of Law and Society, 35(2), 265-292.
Materni, M. (2013). Criminal punishment and pursuit of justice. British Journal of Legal Studies, 2, 263 – 304.
McCrary, J. & Chalfin, A. (2017). Criminal deterrence; a review of the literature. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(1), 5-48.
Meyer, J. (1969). Reflections on some theories of punishment. Journal of criminal law and criminology, 59(4), 595-598.
Miall, H. (2004). Conflict transformation: a multi-dimensional task. http:/www. Berghof-handbook.net accessed on 1/4/2017
Mishra, S. (2016). Theories of punishment-a philosophical aspect. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(8), 74 – 78.
Mutua, M. (2015). What is the future of transitional justice?. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 9, 1-9
Nkansah, L. (2011). International criminal justice in Africa: some emerging dynamics Journal of Politics and Law, 4(2), 74-84
Nkansah, L. (2011b). Restorative Justice in transitional Sierra Leone. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 1(1), 157-173.
Nkansah, L. (2014). The ICC in the trenches in Africa. African Journal of International Criminal Justice, 1(1), 8-37
Olsen, T., Payne, L., & Reiter, A. (2010). Transitional justice in the world, 1970-2007: insights from a new dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 47(6), 803-809
Paffenholz, T. (2009). Understanding peace building theory: Management, resolution and transformation. New Routes, 14(2), 3- 6
Pearson, K. & Pedersen, A. (2016). Uganda: perfection of post conflict stability or ticking time bomb. (INSS Research Paper). U S Air force Institute for National Security Studies. Colorado: USAF Academy. 1-19.
Posner, E. & Vermeule, A. (2004). Transitional justice as ordinary justice. Harvard Law Review, 117(3), 761-825
Pupparo, C. (2015). The responsibility to protect: emerging norm or failed doctrine? Global Tides, 9(9), 1-21
Quadric, S. (2005). Ahmad Siddigne’s Criminology: Problems and Perspectives (5th ed.) Luckmous, (New Delhi): Eastern Book Company.
Quinn, J. Mason, T., & Gurses, M. (2007). Sustaining the peace: determinants of civil war recurrence. International interaction, 33(2), 167-193.
Quinn, R. (2009). Chicken and egg? Sequencing in transitional justice: the case of Uganda. International Journal of Peace Studies, 14(2), 35-53
Rubin, B. (2003). Transitional justice and human right in Afghanistan. International Affairs,79(3), 567-81
Rubli, S. (2013) (Re)making the Social World: The Politics of Transitional Justice in Burundi. African Spectrum, 48(1) 3-24.
Schocken, C. (2002). The special court for Sierra Leone: overview and recommendations. Berkeley Journal of International Law, 20(2), 436-461.
Sesay, M, & Suma, M. (2009). Transitional Justice and DDR: the case of Sierra Leone. International Centre for Transitional Justice. Available at www.ictj.org
Sharp, D. (2013). Interrogating the peripheries: the preoccupation of 4th generation transitional justice. Harvard Human Rights Journal, 26, 149-178
Sooka,Y. (2006). Dealing with the past and transitional peace building peace through accountability. International Review of the Red Cross, 88(862), 311-325
Stensrud, E. (2009). New dilemmas in transitional justice: lessons from the mixed courts in Sierra Leone and Cambodia. Journal of Peace Research, 46(1), 5-15
Suhrke, A. & Samset I. (2007). What’s in a figure? estimating recurrence of civil wars. International peace keeping, 14(2), 195-203
Szpak, A. (2013). Legacy of the ad hoc international criminal tribunals in implementing international humanitarian law. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(9), 525-531
Tenove, C. (2013). Uganda and the International Criminal Court: debates and developments. Africa Portal, 1-11
Vieille, S. (2012). ‘Transitional justice’: a colonizing field? Amsterdam Law Forum, 4 (3), 58-68.
Westberg, M. (2010). Rwanda’s use of transitional justice after genocide: the gacaca courts and the ICTR. Kansa Law Review, 59, 331-367.
Wierzynska, A. (2006). Consolidating democracy through transitional justice: Rwanda’s gacaca courts. In C. Heynes,& S. Karen (eds.). Human Rights, Peace and Justice in Africa: a reader (p. 383-389). Pretoria: Pretoria University Law Press.
Wilson, T. (2008). The International Criminal Court: creation, competence and impact in Africa. African Journal of Criminology and Justice, 3(2), 85-103.
Wright, V. (2010). Deterrence in Criminal Justice: evaluating certainty vs. severity of punishment. Washington D.C.; The sentencing Project. (www. sentencingproject.org accessed 6th May 2017).
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Published
2019-06-06
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Alabi, B., Olomojobi PhD, Y., & -Haliso PhD, O. Y. (2019). THE SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE: THE MANDATE AND THE CHALLENGES. Journal of Public Policy and Administration, 4(1), 58 – 71. Retrieved from https://www.iprjb.org/journals/index.php/JPPA/article/view/910
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