Negotiation Strategies in International Diplomatic Conflicts in United States
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47604/jcm.2625Keywords:
Negotiation Strategies, International Diplomatic ConflictsAbstract
Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze negotiation strategies in international diplomatic conflicts in United States.
Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
Findings: Findings on negotiation strategies in U.S. diplomatic conflicts highlight the use of coercive diplomacy, economic sanctions, and multilateral negotiations. These strategies involve bilateral talks, international organizations, and third-party mediation. Leverage, including military power and economic incentives, is employed to advance U.S. interests. Challenges arise from divergent interests and power dynamics. Success requires a balanced approach of assertiveness and flexibility.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Game theory, constructivism & distributive and integrative bargaining may be used to anchor future studies on the negotiation strategies in international diplomatic conflicts in United States. Provide negotiators with training and resources to enhance their cross-cultural competence, including understanding cultural values, communication styles, and negotiation norms. Invest in the development of mediation and third-party intervention mechanisms to facilitate diplomatic negotiations in international conflicts.
Downloads
References
Brazilian Cooperation Agency. (2021). Brazil's cooperation with Angola and Mozambique. http://www.abc.gov.br/Assuntos/Cooperacao/Relacoes-Bilaterais/Angola-e-Mocambique
Chen (2018). Gender Diversity in Diplomatic Negotiations: Effects on Negotiation Outcomes and Sustainability. International Studies Quarterly, 62(2), 341-364.
Cordesman, A. H. (2021). The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Losing All Hope of a Two-State Solution? Center for Strategic & International Studies. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/analysis/israeli-palestinian-conflict-losing-all-hope-two-state-solution
Department of International Relations and Cooperation of South Africa. (2021). Peacekeeping missions in the DRC. https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/dept-international-relations-cooperation/policy-documents/peacekeeping-missions-drc
Ferguson, J., & Skordis-Worrall, J. (2021). Game theory and negotiation: An introduction. Negotiation Journal, 37(1), 87-107.
Fisher, R., Ury, W., & Patton, B. (2011). Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving in. Penguin.
Garcia, R., & Wang, L. (2016). Power Dynamics in Diplomatic Negotiations: Strategies for Achieving Mutual Gains. Negotiation Journal, 32(4), 411-434.
Jones, B., & Lee, S. (2017). Cultural Differences in Negotiation Strategies: Implications for International Diplomatic Conflicts. International Negotiation, 22(3), 357-379.
Jones, K. E. (2017). Diplomatic conflict resolution: A comparative analysis of negotiation strategies. International Journal of Conflict Management, 28(4), 459-477. doi:10.1108/IJCMA-07-2017-0069
Kim, J., & Patel, S. (2019). Emotion Regulation in Diplomatic Negotiations: Implications for Conflict Resolution. Journal of Peace Research, 56(1), 115-139.
Lewicki, R. J., Barry, B., & Saunders, D. M. (2018). Negotiation: Readings, exercises, and cases. McGraw-Hill Education.
Lewicki, R. J., Barry, B., & Saunders, D. M. (2021). Negotiation: Readings, exercises, and cases. McGraw Hill Education.
Ministry of Defense of Nigeria. (2021). Nigeria's military expenditure and efforts against Boko Haram insurgency. [Data file]. Retrieved from Ministry of Defense of Nigeria website.
Ministry of External Affairs of India. (2021). Bilateral trade between India and Pakistan. https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_Pakistan_relations_June_2021.pdf
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil. (2021). Humanitarian aid to Venezuela. https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/assuntos/humanitaria
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Egypt. (2021). Egypt's efforts in facilitating ceasefire agreements. https://www.mfa.gov.eg/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?Source=2a334a12-49cb-4f3e-b779-13c00fb0f186&newsID=6709adfb-4e3f-4514-914f-0a3dc5758494
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia. (2021). Humanitarian aid and peacebuilding efforts in South Sudan and Somalia. https://www.mfa.gov.et/web/guest/home
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2021). Official Development Assistance (ODA). https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/index.html
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Jordan. (2021). Facilitating ceasefire agreements between Israel and Palestinian militant groups. https://www.mfa.gov.jo/en/news-events/news/2019-05-06-0
Office for National Statistics. (2021). UK trade: April to June 2021. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/bulletins/uktrade/apriltojune2021
Park, Y., & Singh, P. (2017). The Role of Nonverbal Communication in Diplomatic Negotiations: Insights from Experimental Research. Journal of International Relations and Development, 20(4), 651-675.
Pepinsky, T. (2020). Constructivism. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1159
SIPRI. (2021). Military expenditure database. https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex
Smith, A., et al. (2018). Negotiation Tactics in International Diplomatic Conflicts: Lessons from Experienced Diplomats. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 62(3), 537-561.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). (2021). Military expenditure database. https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex
U.S. Department of Commerce. (2020). U.S. international trade in goods and services, December 2020. https://www.bea.gov/news/2021/us-international-trade-goods-and-services-december-2020
United Nations. (2021). Peacebuilding programs in Colombia and support for refugees from Syria and Iraq. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/unmission-colombia
United Nations. (2021). Peacekeeping missions in Libya and Sudan. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/minul
United Nations. (2021). Support for Ethiopia's peacebuilding efforts in the Tigray region. https://www.un.org/ethiopia/news/ethiopia-humanitarian-response-tigray-23-september-2021
von Neumann, J., & Morgenstern, O. (2018). Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton University Press.
Wendt, A. (2018). Social theory of international politics. Cambridge University Press.
Zartman, I. W., & Berman, M. R. (2019). The practical negotiator: How to argue your interests in negotiation. Yale University Press.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Joshua Jackson
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.