EFFECT OF ELECTRONIC PROCUREMENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT STAFF ON PROCUREMENT PERFORMANCE IN ENERGY SECTOR STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA
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Keywords:
Electronic Procurement, Technical Support Staff, State Corporations and Procurement PerformanceAbstract
Purpose: The general objective of this study was to investigate the effect of electronic procurement technical support staff on procurement performance in the energy sector state corporations in Kenya.
Methodology: The study adopted an exploratory approach using descriptive survey design and correlational design. The target population comprised 360 procurement staff and 25 electronic procurement technical support staff from 9 Energy Sector state corporations in Kenya. The sample size consisted of 211 respondents who included procurement and electronic procurement technical support staff. Simple random sampling and census techniques were used in the study. The key data collection instrument used in the study was the questionnaire. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis while quantitative data was analysed with the help of SPSS widow. Multiple regression was used to test whether the independent variables have any effect on procurement performance.
Results: The study findings indicated that electronic procurement technical support staff contributes positively to procurement performance. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that Electronic procurement technical support staff was found to have the strongest effect on procurement performance. The electronic procurement technical support staffs have the required technical knowledge to deliver products and services that support procurement processes. They were also able to quickly respond to ICT related technicalities.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended that organizations that require to improve their procurement performance through use of ICT must invest heavily in their technical support staff.
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References
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Amaeba S.C., Nyamboke, G.P., Osoro, A. & Mburu, N. (2013). Challenges affecting public procurement process in Kenya: International Journal of Research in Management, 3(4).
Arthur, R. (2009). Alignment Matters improving business functions using the procurement alignment framework.
Arvanitis, S., Loukis, E. & Vasiliki, D. (2013). "The effect of soft ICT capital on innovation performance of Greek firms", Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 26 (6), 679 – 701.
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Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99–120.
Bartezzaghi, E. & Ronchi, S. (2003). Internet supporting the procurement process: lessons from four case studies. Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 14 (8), 632-641
Barua, A., Konana, P., Whinston, A. B. & Yin. F. (2004). An empirical investigation of net-enabled business value: An exploratory investigation. MIS Quart. 28(4), 585–620.
Basheka, B. C. (2008). Procurement Planning and Local Governance in Uganda: A Factor Analysis Approach. Paper Presented at the 2008 International Research Society for Public Management Conference, from 26-28 March 2008, in Brisbarne, Australia.
Bertot, J., Jaeger, P. & Grimes, J. (2010). Using ICTs to create a culture of transparency: E-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies, Government Information Quarterly, 27(3), 264-71.
Bharadwaj, A. S. (2000). ìA Resource-Based Perspective 17 on Information Technology Capability and Firm 18 Performance: An Empirical Investigation,î MIS 19 Quarterly (24:1), 2000, 169-196.
Bhatt, G.D. & Grover, V. (2005), “Types of information technology capabilities and their role in competitive advantage: an empirical study”, Journal of Management information Systems, 22 (2), 253-277.
Caldwell, N.D., Roehrich, J.K. & Davies, A.C. (2009). Procuring complex performance in construction: London Heathrow Terminal 5 and a Private Finance Initiative Hospital. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 15 (3),178-186.
Chatterjee, D. & Grewal R. (2006). Shaping up for e-commerce: institutional enabler of the organizational assimilation of web technologies. MIS Quarterly, 26(2), 65-89.
Cherop, P.J. (2016). Procurement practices influencing Project Implementation in Public Institutions in Kenya: Case of Kenya Electricity generating Company. Journal of business and management, 18 (5),47-71.
Chimwani, B. I., Iravo, M A. & Tirimba, O. I. (2014). Factors Influencing Procurement Performance in the Kenyan Public Sector; State Law Office. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies. 9 (4).2014, 1626-1650.
Chun, L., Chin-Chung, T. & Di, W. (2015). The Role of ICT Infrastructure in Its
Application to Classrooms: A Large Scale Survey for Middle and Primary Schools in China. Educational Technology & Society, 18 (2),249-261.
Christensen, C.M. (1997). The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Croom, S & Brandon, A. (2007). Impact of e-procurement. Experiences from implementation in the UK public sector, Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 13 (4), 294-303.
Dai, Q. & Kauffman, R. J. (2000). Business Models for Internet-Based E-Procurement Systems and B2B Electronic Markets: An Exploratory Assessment, 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-34)-Volume 7.
Davila, A. Gupta, M. & Palmer, R.J (2003). Moving procurement systems to the internet: the adoption and use of E-procurement technologies models, European management journal, 21(1), 11- 23.
Essig, M. & Arnold, U. (2007). Electronic procurement in supply chain management: An information economics-based analysis of electronic markets. Journal of Supply Chain Management. 37(4), 43-49.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). Using SPSS for Windows Step by Step A Simple Guide and Reference (4th ed.). London Pearson Education.
Gitahi, L. (2011). Financial and Operational Performance: Pan African Media Conference.
Harink, J. & Van Rooijen, G. (2002), "Framework for the application of e-procurement theoretical framework properly models the situation at Dutch Railways," in 11th Annual International Purchasing and Supply Education and Research Association. Twente University, Netherlands
Harland, C.M., Caldwell, N.D., Powell, P. & Zheng, J. (2007), Barriers to supply chain information integration. Journal of operation Management, 25(6), 34-54.
Ideet, I. L & Wanyoike D. (2014) Role of Buyer-Supplier Relationship on Supply Chain Performance in the Energy Sector in Kenya: A Survey of Kenya Power and Geothermal Development Companies. International Journal of science and research, 3, (10), 2418-2424.
Jeyaraj, A., Rottman, J. & Lacity, M. (2006). A review of the predictors, linkages, and biases in IT innovation adoption research. Journal of Information Technology, 21(1), 1-23.
Kabaj. O. (2010). The Challenges of African Development. UK: Oxford.
Kakwezi, D. & Nyeko, P. K. (2010). Procurement Processes and Performance: Efficiency and Effectiveness of the Procurement Function.
Kiage, J. (2013). Factors Affecting Procurement Performance: A case of Ministry of Energy. International Journal of Business and Commerce, 3(1), 54-70
KIPPRA, (2005). Strategies for Securing Energy Supply in Kenya.
Kraaijenbrink, J., Spender, C., & Groen, A. (2010): The resource –based view: A review and assessment of its critiques. Journal of Management, 36(5), 364-381.
Lee, W .B. (2010). On a responsive supply chain information system, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 30, 598-610.
Lewis, A. & Roehrich, K. (2009). Contracts, relationships and integration: Towards a model of the procurement of complex performance. International Journal of Procurement Management, 2(2), 125-142.
Loh, L. & Venkatraman, N. (1992), “Determinants of information technology outsourcing: a cross-sectional analysis”, Journal of Management Information Systems, 9 (1), 7-24.
Lysons, K. & Farrington, B. (2012). Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. Pearson Education Limited, England.
Mahapatro, B.B. (2010). Procurement and Supply Chain Management. New Age Publishers, New Delhi.
Malela, G. (2010). E-Procurement Model for the Public Sector of Kenya. MSC Thesis, School of Computing and Informatics, University of Nairobi.
Mishra, A. N., Konana, P. & Barua, A. (2007). Antecedents and consequences of Internet Use in Procurement: An Empirical Investigation of U.S. Manufacturing Firms. Information Systems, 18(1),103-120.
Mwangi, P. & Mburu, D. K. (2015). Effect of information and communication Technology on Procurement performance in kenya. IJRDO-Journal of Mechanical and Civil EngineeringVolume-1, Issue-4.
Mutangili, S.K. (2014). An Assessment of the Adoption of E-procurement Application Systems on Supply Chain Management Environment in Kenya: a case of Zain Kenya Limited. International Academic Journals, 1(1), 38-61.
Mutula. S.M. & Brakel, P. (2007). ICT skills readiness for the emerging global digital economy among small businesses in developing countries: Case study of Botwana. Library High Tech, 25(2), 231-245.
Mutunga A., Nyanamba S.O. S. & Okibo, W. (2013). The Effect of E-Procurement Practices on Effective Procurement in Public Hospitals: A Case of Kisii Level 5 Hospital. American International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 3 No. 8.
Nchunge, M. D., Sakwa, D. M. & Mwangi, P.W. (2013). Assessment of ICT Infrastructure on ICT Adoption in Educational Institutions: A Descriptive Survey of Secondary Schools in Kiambu County Kenya. Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology, 1(1), pp. 32-45.
Ochieng', J. & Muehle, M. (2014). Development and Reform of the Kenyan Public Procurement System (5th International Public Procurement Conference, Seattle, 17th August 2012) 1762.
Ohashi, H. (2009). Effects of Transparency in Procurement Practices on Government
Expenditure: A Case Study of Municipal Public Work Review of Industrial Organization
34, 3 (May 2009), 267-285.
Porter, M.E. (1980) “Competitive Strategy”, The Free Press, New York.
PPOA, (2013). County Governments Procurement Regulations 2013. Retrieved from www.ppoa.go.ke/2015-08-24-14-47-43/circulars
PPOA, (2009). Public Procurement Circular. Retrieved http://www.ppoa.go.ke/8-ppoa-circular-no-1-2009.
Presutti, W.D. (2008), “Supply management and e-procurement: creating value added in the supply chain”, Industrial Marketing Management, 33 (2), 219-222
Republic of Kenya (RoK), (2013). Strategy Paper for IFMIS 2004 -2009. National Government Printer.
Republic of Kenya (RoK), (2014). Second medium term plan 2013-17. National Government Printer.
Ruzindana, I. & Kalaskar, P.B. (2016). The Adoption of e-Procurement and its impact on the Procurement Performance of Selected Telecommunication Companies in Rwanda. European Journal of Business and Management. 8 (15),15-20.
Sabiiti, K.C, Muhumuza, E. & Basheka, B.C. (2011), “Developing public procurement
Performance measurement systems in developing countries: the Uganda experience”
Segal, G. & Taylor, M. (2001). Electronic Procurement: How Technology is Changing Government Purchasing. E-Brief number 111. Reason Public Policy Institute.
Sekaran, U. (2010) Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, UK.
Shalle, N.I, Guyo, W., & Amuhaya, I. M. (2014).Role of inventory optimization. Journal of supply chain Management. 32 (7), 139-141
Silver, E.A., Pyke, D.F. & Peterson, R. (2008). Inventory Management and Production Planning and Scheduling. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Subramaniam, C. & Shaw M. J. (2007). The Effects of Process Characteristics on the Value of B2B E-Procurement. Information Technology and Management, 5, 161-180.
Suleiman, M. (2015), Adoption of e-procurement and value addition to Tanzanian public institutions. European Journal of Business and Management, 7 (14),104-125.
Talluri. W. (2008). Benchmarking the performance of English Universities, Benchmarking International Journal, 14 (1),102-122.
Vadim, K. (2007). “Small and medium enterprises and ICT”, Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme.
Verissimo P. J. (2009). The new supply chain's frontier: Information management. International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 372-379.
Victor, B., Gevers, J. & Weele, A. J. (2012). Managing Sourcing Team Effectiveness: The need for a team perspective in purchasing, Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management.
Vulkan, N. (2008). The economics of e-commerce:A strategic guide to understanding and designing the online marketplace. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Wagner, H.T. & Ettrich-Schmitt, K. (2009). “Slack-enabled innovation versus problemistic search: findings from case studies among SME”, Proceedings of the European Conference on information Systems (ECIS).Verona, 8-10 June.
Wanjiru, D.K. & Abdalla, A. (2014). Effects of Information Communication Technology Adoption on Procurement Process in Kenya’s Oil Industry: A Survey of Total Kenya Limited Mombasa County. International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations, 2(2), 89-116.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984), “A resource based view of the firm”, Strategic Management Journal, 5 (2),171-180.
World Bank (2013). Final Report: Preparation of Guidelines on How to Prevent Corruption and Promote Integrity in the Selection and Employment of Professional Consultants.
Amaeba S.C., Nyamboke, G.P., Osoro, A. & Mburu, N. (2013). Challenges affecting public procurement process in Kenya: International Journal of Research in Management, 3(4).
Arthur, R. (2009). Alignment Matters improving business functions using the procurement alignment framework.
Arvanitis, S., Loukis, E. & Vasiliki, D. (2013). "The effect of soft ICT capital on innovation performance of Greek firms", Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 26 (6), 679 – 701.
Bailey, P. Farmer, D., Crocker, B., Jessop, D., & Jones, D. (2008). Procurement Principles and Management, 10th edition. London: Pearson Education Limited
Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99–120.
Bartezzaghi, E. & Ronchi, S. (2003). Internet supporting the procurement process: lessons from four case studies. Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 14 (8), 632-641
Barua, A., Konana, P., Whinston, A. B. & Yin. F. (2004). An empirical investigation of net-enabled business value: An exploratory investigation. MIS Quart. 28(4), 585–620.
Basheka, B. C. (2008). Procurement Planning and Local Governance in Uganda: A Factor Analysis Approach. Paper Presented at the 2008 International Research Society for Public Management Conference, from 26-28 March 2008, in Brisbarne, Australia.
Bertot, J., Jaeger, P. & Grimes, J. (2010). Using ICTs to create a culture of transparency: E-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies, Government Information Quarterly, 27(3), 264-71.
Bharadwaj, A. S. (2000). ìA Resource-Based Perspective 17 on Information Technology Capability and Firm 18 Performance: An Empirical Investigation,î MIS 19 Quarterly (24:1), 2000, 169-196.
Bhatt, G.D. & Grover, V. (2005), “Types of information technology capabilities and their role in competitive advantage: an empirical study”, Journal of Management information Systems, 22 (2), 253-277.
Caldwell, N.D., Roehrich, J.K. & Davies, A.C. (2009). Procuring complex performance in construction: London Heathrow Terminal 5 and a Private Finance Initiative Hospital. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 15 (3),178-186.
Chatterjee, D. & Grewal R. (2006). Shaping up for e-commerce: institutional enabler of the organizational assimilation of web technologies. MIS Quarterly, 26(2), 65-89.
Cherop, P.J. (2016). Procurement practices influencing Project Implementation in Public Institutions in Kenya: Case of Kenya Electricity generating Company. Journal of business and management, 18 (5),47-71.
Chimwani, B. I., Iravo, M A. & Tirimba, O. I. (2014). Factors Influencing Procurement Performance in the Kenyan Public Sector; State Law Office. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies. 9 (4).2014, 1626-1650.
Chun, L., Chin-Chung, T. & Di, W. (2015). The Role of ICT Infrastructure in Its
Application to Classrooms: A Large Scale Survey for Middle and Primary Schools in China. Educational Technology & Society, 18 (2),249-261.
Christensen, C.M. (1997). The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Croom, S & Brandon, A. (2007). Impact of e-procurement. Experiences from implementation in the UK public sector, Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 13 (4), 294-303.
Dai, Q. & Kauffman, R. J. (2000). Business Models for Internet-Based E-Procurement Systems and B2B Electronic Markets: An Exploratory Assessment, 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-34)-Volume 7.
Davila, A. Gupta, M. & Palmer, R.J (2003). Moving procurement systems to the internet: the adoption and use of E-procurement technologies models, European management journal, 21(1), 11- 23.
Essig, M. & Arnold, U. (2007). Electronic procurement in supply chain management: An information economics-based analysis of electronic markets. Journal of Supply Chain Management. 37(4), 43-49.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). Using SPSS for Windows Step by Step A Simple Guide and Reference (4th ed.). London Pearson Education.
Gitahi, L. (2011). Financial and Operational Performance: Pan African Media Conference.
Harink, J. & Van Rooijen, G. (2002), "Framework for the application of e-procurement theoretical framework properly models the situation at Dutch Railways," in 11th Annual International Purchasing and Supply Education and Research Association. Twente University, Netherlands
Harland, C.M., Caldwell, N.D., Powell, P. & Zheng, J. (2007), Barriers to supply chain information integration. Journal of operation Management, 25(6), 34-54.
Ideet, I. L & Wanyoike D. (2014) Role of Buyer-Supplier Relationship on Supply Chain Performance in the Energy Sector in Kenya: A Survey of Kenya Power and Geothermal Development Companies. International Journal of science and research, 3, (10), 2418-2424.
Jeyaraj, A., Rottman, J. & Lacity, M. (2006). A review of the predictors, linkages, and biases in IT innovation adoption research. Journal of Information Technology, 21(1), 1-23.
Kabaj. O. (2010). The Challenges of African Development. UK: Oxford.
Kakwezi, D. & Nyeko, P. K. (2010). Procurement Processes and Performance: Efficiency and Effectiveness of the Procurement Function.
Kiage, J. (2013). Factors Affecting Procurement Performance: A case of Ministry of Energy. International Journal of Business and Commerce, 3(1), 54-70
KIPPRA, (2005). Strategies for Securing Energy Supply in Kenya.
Kraaijenbrink, J., Spender, C., & Groen, A. (2010): The resource –based view: A review and assessment of its critiques. Journal of Management, 36(5), 364-381.
Lee, W .B. (2010). On a responsive supply chain information system, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 30, 598-610.
Lewis, A. & Roehrich, K. (2009). Contracts, relationships and integration: Towards a model of the procurement of complex performance. International Journal of Procurement Management, 2(2), 125-142.
Loh, L. & Venkatraman, N. (1992), “Determinants of information technology outsourcing: a cross-sectional analysis”, Journal of Management Information Systems, 9 (1), 7-24.
Lysons, K. & Farrington, B. (2012). Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. Pearson Education Limited, England.
Mahapatro, B.B. (2010). Procurement and Supply Chain Management. New Age Publishers, New Delhi.
Malela, G. (2010). E-Procurement Model for the Public Sector of Kenya. MSC Thesis, School of Computing and Informatics, University of Nairobi.
Mishra, A. N., Konana, P. & Barua, A. (2007). Antecedents and consequences of Internet Use in Procurement: An Empirical Investigation of U.S. Manufacturing Firms. Information Systems, 18(1),103-120.
Mwangi, P. & Mburu, D. K. (2015). Effect of information and communication Technology on Procurement performance in kenya. IJRDO-Journal of Mechanical and Civil EngineeringVolume-1, Issue-4.
Mutangili, S.K. (2014). An Assessment of the Adoption of E-procurement Application Systems on Supply Chain Management Environment in Kenya: a case of Zain Kenya Limited. International Academic Journals, 1(1), 38-61.
Mutula. S.M. & Brakel, P. (2007). ICT skills readiness for the emerging global digital economy among small businesses in developing countries: Case study of Botwana. Library High Tech, 25(2), 231-245.
Mutunga A., Nyanamba S.O. S. & Okibo, W. (2013). The Effect of E-Procurement Practices on Effective Procurement in Public Hospitals: A Case of Kisii Level 5 Hospital. American International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 3 No. 8.
Nchunge, M. D., Sakwa, D. M. & Mwangi, P.W. (2013). Assessment of ICT Infrastructure on ICT Adoption in Educational Institutions: A Descriptive Survey of Secondary Schools in Kiambu County Kenya. Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology, 1(1), pp. 32-45.
Ochieng', J. & Muehle, M. (2014). Development and Reform of the Kenyan Public Procurement System (5th International Public Procurement Conference, Seattle, 17th August 2012) 1762.
Ohashi, H. (2009). Effects of Transparency in Procurement Practices on Government
Expenditure: A Case Study of Municipal Public Work Review of Industrial Organization
34, 3 (May 2009), 267-285.
Porter, M.E. (1980) “Competitive Strategy”, The Free Press, New York.
PPOA, (2013). County Governments Procurement Regulations 2013. Retrieved from www.ppoa.go.ke/2015-08-24-14-47-43/circulars
PPOA, (2009). Public Procurement Circular. Retrieved http://www.ppoa.go.ke/8-ppoa-circular-no-1-2009.
Presutti, W.D. (2008), “Supply management and e-procurement: creating value added in the supply chain”, Industrial Marketing Management, 33 (2), 219-222
Republic of Kenya (RoK), (2013). Strategy Paper for IFMIS 2004 -2009. National Government Printer.
Republic of Kenya (RoK), (2014). Second medium term plan 2013-17. National Government Printer.
Ruzindana, I. & Kalaskar, P.B. (2016). The Adoption of e-Procurement and its impact on the Procurement Performance of Selected Telecommunication Companies in Rwanda. European Journal of Business and Management. 8 (15),15-20.
Sabiiti, K.C, Muhumuza, E. & Basheka, B.C. (2011), “Developing public procurement
Performance measurement systems in developing countries: the Uganda experience”
Segal, G. & Taylor, M. (2001). Electronic Procurement: How Technology is Changing Government Purchasing. E-Brief number 111. Reason Public Policy Institute.
Sekaran, U. (2010) Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, UK.
Shalle, N.I, Guyo, W., & Amuhaya, I. M. (2014).Role of inventory optimization. Journal of supply chain Management. 32 (7), 139-141
Silver, E.A., Pyke, D.F. & Peterson, R. (2008). Inventory Management and Production Planning and Scheduling. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Subramaniam, C. & Shaw M. J. (2007). The Effects of Process Characteristics on the Value of B2B E-Procurement. Information Technology and Management, 5, 161-180.
Suleiman, M. (2015), Adoption of e-procurement and value addition to Tanzanian public institutions. European Journal of Business and Management, 7 (14),104-125.
Talluri. W. (2008). Benchmarking the performance of English Universities, Benchmarking International Journal, 14 (1),102-122.
Vadim, K. (2007). “Small and medium enterprises and ICT”, Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme.
Verissimo P. J. (2009). The new supply chain's frontier: Information management. International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 372-379.
Victor, B., Gevers, J. & Weele, A. J. (2012). Managing Sourcing Team Effectiveness: The need for a team perspective in purchasing, Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management.
Vulkan, N. (2008). The economics of e-commerce:A strategic guide to understanding and designing the online marketplace. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Wagner, H.T. & Ettrich-Schmitt, K. (2009). “Slack-enabled innovation versus problemistic search: findings from case studies among SME”, Proceedings of the European Conference on information Systems (ECIS).Verona, 8-10 June.
Wanjiru, D.K. & Abdalla, A. (2014). Effects of Information Communication Technology Adoption on Procurement Process in Kenya’s Oil Industry: A Survey of Total Kenya Limited Mombasa County. International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations, 2(2), 89-116.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984), “A resource based view of the firm”, Strategic Management Journal, 5 (2),171-180.
World Bank (2013). Final Report: Preparation of Guidelines on How to Prevent Corruption and Promote Integrity in the Selection and Employment of Professional Consultants.
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Published
2019-05-24
How to Cite
Muriuki, J. I., Guyo, D. W., Odhiambo, P. R., & Kinoti, D. J. (2019). EFFECT OF ELECTRONIC PROCUREMENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT STAFF ON PROCUREMENT PERFORMANCE IN ENERGY SECTOR STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 4(1), 20 – 38. Retrieved from https://www.iprjb.org/journals/index.php/IJSCM/article/view/891
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