Role of the Human Microbiome in Health and Disease in United Kingdom
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47604/ijns.2177Keywords:
Human Microbiome, Health, DiseaseAbstract
Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the role of the human microbiome in health and disease in United Kingdom.
Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library
Findings: The microbiome influences human health and disease by providing essential functions, such as nutrient metabolism, immune regulation, and protection against pathogens. However, the microbiome can also be disrupted by various factors, such as diet, lifestyle, age, genetics, and infections, leading to dysbiosis and increased risk of diseases. In the United Kingdom, research on the microbiome has been conducted to understand its role in various conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and mental health. The findings suggest that modulating the microbiome through dietary interventions, probiotics, prebiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation may offer novel strategies for preventing or treating these diseases.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Microbiome Dysbiosis Theory, Hygiene Hypothesis Theory and Microbiota-Brain-Gut Axis Theory may be used to anchor future studies on role of the human microbiome in health and disease in United Kingdom. Findings can invest in the development of microbiome-based therapeutics, including fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), engineered probiotics, and microbial-derived products. Policymakers should establish a regulatory framework for microbiome-based interventions, ensuring their safety, efficacy, and accessibility.
Downloads
References
Belizário, J. E., & Napolitano, M. (2015). Human microbiomes and their roles in dysbiosis, common diseases, and novel therapeutic approaches. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 1050.
Belizário, J. E., & Napolitano, M. (2015). Human microbiomes and their roles in dysbiosis, common diseases, and novel therapeutic approaches. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 1050.
Belkaid, Y., & Hand, T. W. (2014). Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell, 157(1), 121-141.
Blaser, M. J. (2017). The theory of disappearing microbiota and the epidemics of chronic diseases. Nature Reviews Immunology, 17(8), 461-463.
Chown, S. L., & Nicolson, S. W. (2004). Insect physiological ecology: Mechanisms and patterns. Oxford University Press.
Davis J.C., Dinsmoor R.S., Wang M., Donovan S.M. (2020). Dietary Intake and Pre- and Probiotic Supplementation Impacts Gut Microbiota Composition in Healthy Infants. Nutrients , 12(10), 3147. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103147
Foster, J. A., & McVey Neufeld, K. A. (2013). Gut–brain axis: How the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends in Neurosciences, 36(5), 305-312.
Gao, Z., Tseng, C. H., Pei, Z., & Blaser, M. J. (2007). Molecular analysis of human forearm superficial skin bacterial biota. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(8), 2927-2932.
Gostin LO, Friedman EA, Wetter SA. Responding to COVID-19: How to Navigate a Public Health Emergency Legally and Ethically. Hastings Cent Rep. 2020;50(2):8-12. doi:10.1002/hast.1090
Gyapong, J. O., Gyapong, M., & Yellu, N. (2017). Integration of control of neglected tropical diseases into health-care systems: Challenges and opportunities. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 11(3), e0005462. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005462
Hales, C. M., Carroll, M. D., Fryar, C. D., & Ogden, C. L. (2020). Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief, No. 360. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30378-1
Hill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G. R., Merenstein, D. J., Pot, B., ... & Sanders, M. E. (2014). Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 11(8), 506-514.
Hoffmann, A. A., & Sgrò, C. M. (2011). Climate change and evolutionary adaptation. Nature, 470(7335), 479-485.
Hosseinpoor, A. R., Bergen, N., Schlotheuber, A., & Grove, J. (2012). Measuring health inequalities in the presence of incomplete data: A comparison of principal component analysis and multiple imputation for inferring asset indices. International Journal for Equity in Health, 11(1), 61. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-11-61
Le Chatelier, E., Nielsen, T., Qin, J., Prifti, E., Hildebrand, F., Falony, G., ... & Doré, J. (2013). Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature, 500(7464), 541-546.
Le Chatelier, E., Nielsen, T., Qin, J., Prifti, E., Hildebrand, F., Falony, G., ... & Dore, J. (2013). Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature, 500(7464), 541-546.
Lloyd-Price, J., Abu-Ali, G., & Huttenhower, C. (2016). The healthy human microbiome. Genome Medicine, 8(1), 51.
Lloyd-Price, J., Arze, C., Ananthakrishnan, A. N., Schirmer, M., Avila-Pacheco, J., Poon, T. W., ... & Huttenhower, C. (2019). Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases. Nature, 569(7758), 655-662.
Lopes, F. M., Silva, M. S., & Siqueira-Batista, R. (2019). Zika virus and dengue fever in Brazil: A neglected tropical disease. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13(9), e0007264. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007264
Lynch, S. V., Pedersen, O., (2016). The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375(24), 2369-2379.
Marmot, M., Allen, J., Boyce, T., Goldblatt, P., & Morrison, J. (2020). Health equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 years on. The Lancet, 395(10217), 841-847. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32524-7
Marmot, M., Allen, J., Boyce, T., Goldblatt, P., & Morrison, J. (2020). Health equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 years on. The Lancet, 395(10217), 841-847. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32524-7
Mayige, M., Kagaruki, G., & Ramaiya, K. (2018). Non-communicable diseases in Tanzania: A call for urgent action. Globalization and Health, 14(1), 49. doi:10.1186/s12992-018-0377-7
McManus, S., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R., & Brugha, T. (2016). Mental health and wellbeing in England: Adult psychiatric morbidity survey 2014. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(7), 631-636. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30378-1
Qin, J., Li, R., Raes, J., Arumugam, M., Burgdorf, K. S., Manichanh, C., ... & Nielsen, H. B. (2010). A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature, 464(7285), 59-65.
Qin, J., Li, Y., Cai, Z., Li, S., Zhu, J., Zhang, F., ... & Wang, J. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature, 490(7418), 55-60.
Ravel, J., Gajer, P., Abdo, Z., Schneider, G. M., Koenig, S. S. K., McCulle, S. L., ... & Forney, L. J. (2011). Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(Supplement 1), 4680-4687.
Sinha A., Kaur S., Chaudhary N., et al. (2022). Human Microbiome Research Excludes Developing World: A Systematic Review. Digestive Diseases and Sciences , 67(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-021-07166-4
Smith, B., W. (2015). The oral microbiome in health and disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(10), 986-996.
Smith, J. (2015). Metagenomic analysis of subgingival microbiota in patients with different levels of periodontal health. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 119(1), 250-261.
Smith, J. D., Mittelmark, M. B., & Sullivan, M. (2018). Health promotion in developed countries. Journal of Public Health, 40(3), 409-418. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdx143
Stearns, S. C. (1992). The evolution of life histories. Oxford University Press.
Strachan, D. P. (1989). Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ, 299(6710), 1259-1260.
Sully, E. A., Biddlecom, A. E., & Darroch, J. E. (2019). Not all inequalities are equal: Differences in coverage across the continuum of reproductive health services. The Lancet Global Health, 7(3), e336-e347. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30568-2
Walker, N., Tam, Y., Friberg, I. K., & Friberg, I. K. (2016). Overview of the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). BMC Public Health, 16(2), 4. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2673-4
Wang, W., Chen, L., Zhou, R., Wang, X., Song, L., Huang, S., ... & Shen, X. (2017). Increased proportions of Bifidobacterium and the Lactobacillus group and loss of butyrate-producing bacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 55(2), 399-409.
Wang, X., Wang, J., Rao, B., Deng, L., Xiong, H., Yuan, Y., ... & Wu, X. (2017). Characterization of fecal microbiota across seven Chinese ethnic groups by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. PLoS ONE, 12(8), e0177042.
World Health Organization. (2020). Global tuberculosis report 2020. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2020
World Health Organization. (2020). HIV/AIDS in the WHO African Region: Fact sheet. Retrieved from https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hivaids
World Health Organization. (2020). HIV/AIDS in the WHO African Region: Fact sheet. Retrieved from https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hivaids
World Obesity Federation. (2020). World Obesity Federation data and statistics. Retrieved from https://data.worldobesity.org/data/
World Obesity Federation. (2020). World Obesity Federation data and statistics. Retrieved from https://data.worldobesity.org/data/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Amelia Wesley
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
