TEENAGE PREGNANCIES AND GIRLS EDUCATION CAPABILITIES IN NZAMBANI WARD KITUI COUNTY IN KENYA: SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVE
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Keywords:
Teenage pregnancy, education capabilities, causes, impacts, supportAbstract
Purpose: This research was carried out in Nzambani sub-county, Kitui County in Kenya. It aimed to find out causes and extent of teenage pregnancies in Nzambani, the impacts of teenage pregnancies on girls’ education capabilities and the current support offered to affected girls in and out of school, and proposals for future support for affected girls in getting their education capabilities.
Methodology: An exploratory case study design was used, and key research methods used were reviewing literature, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions. Ethical clearance was sought from the University College of London, Institute of Education and NACOSTI Kenya. Through snowballing sampling six key informants and three focus group discussions were carried out. Data analysis focused on the thematic areas drawn from the three research questions.
Findings: Teenage pregnancy was found to be a common phenomenon in Nzambani, with poverty reported as a major contributor. Other causes of teenage pregnancy were parental negligence, drug abuse, rape and moral decay, peer pressure facilitated by technology, psychological problems and low education levels among parents. The impact of teenage pregnancies and parenting on girls’ education capabilities was found to be school dropout more concentrated among form ones and twos, and deteriorating school performance. The current support offered to affected girls included guidance and counseling; financial, moral and child care by parents especially mothers; and health and nursing care during national exams.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This research recommends rigorous community sensitization on importance of educating pregnant and parenting teenage mothers’, financial and moral support for affected girls especially those in lower secondary since there was low support for their school resumption.
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References
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Ikamari, L., Izugbara, C. and Rhoune, O. R. (2013). Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy among women in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 13(69), 1471-2393.
Jenny Kitzinger, J. (1995). Qualitative Research-Introducing focus groups. British medical journal. 311, 299-302.
Kasee, S. (2018, June 9). Kilungu school girl names 21 men who raped her. Kitui Online News. Retrieved from https://www.kituionline.com/2018/06/09/kilungu-school-girl-names-21-men-who-raped-her/
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Levine, D. I., and Painter, G., (2003). The schooling Cost of Teenage Out- of- Wedlock Childbearing: Analysis with a Within- School-Prosperity Score Matching Estimator. Review of Economics and Statistics. 85(4), 884-900.
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Mensch, B.S., Clark, W.H., Lloyd, C.B. and Erulkar, A.S. (2001). Premarital Sex, School Girl Pregnancy and School quality in Rural Kenya. Studies in Family Planning. 32(4), 285-301.
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Miriti, J. (2017b). Sociocultural Norms among Kenyan Pastoralists: Impact on Girls Access to Education Capabilities. A final paper presented to UCL Institute of Education for the Gender, Education and Development Module.
MoE. (2014). 2014 Basic Education Statistical Booklet. Retrieved from https://www.kicd.ac.ke/images/ICT/2014BasicEducationStatisticalBooklet.pdf
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Ngum, M. C., Liamputtong, P. and Mcmichael, C. (2015). Early motherhood: a qualitative study exploring the experiences of African Australian teenage mothers in greater Melbourne, Australia. BMC Public Health. 15(873), 1-12.
Njeru, F.M. and Achoka, J. S. (2012). De-Stigmatizing Teenage Motherhood: Towards Achievement of Universal Basic Education in Kenya. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies. 3(6), 887-892.
O'Donoghue, T. (2006). Planning Your Qualitative Research Project: An Introduction to Interpretivist Research in Education. Routledge Ltd. Retrieved through UCL library at https://www.dawsonera.com/readonline/9780203967720
Ogori, A.F., Ajeya, S. F. and Yunusa, A.R. (2013). The Cause and Effect of Teenage Pregnancy: Case of Kontagora Local Government Area in Niger State, Northern Part of Nigeria. International Open Journal of Educational Research. 1(7), 1-15.
Okigho, C.C., and Speizer, I.S. (2015). Determinants of Sexual Activity and Pregnancy among Unmarried Young Women in Urban Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE. 10(6), 1-17.
Omolewa, M. (2007). Traditional African Modes of Education: Their Relevance in the Modern World. International Review of Education. 53, 593–612.
Omoro, T., Gray, S.C., Otieno, G., Mbeda, C., Phillips-Howard, P.A., Hayes, T., Otieno, F. and Gust, D.A. (2017). Teen pregnancy in rural western Kenya: a public health issue. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. 23(4), 399-408.
Omwancha, K.M. (2012). The implementation of an educational re-entry policy for girls after teenage pregnancy: A case study of public secondary schools in the Kuria District, Kenya. A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education
Oruko, O. M. (2018). Kitui pastor on spot for sleeping with and impregnating a 16-year-old girl. Tuko Online News. Retrieved from https://www.tuko.co.ke/279578-kitui-pastor-spot-sleeping-impregnating-a-16-year-girl.html#279578
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Psaki, S. (2016). Addressing child marriage and adolescent pregnancy as barriers to gender parity and equality in education. Prospects. 46, 109-129.
Robeyns, I. (2003). The Capability Approach: An Interdisciplinary Introduction. University of Amsterdam. Retrieved from http://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4760/24995_105422.pdf
Robeyns, I. (2005). The Capability Approach: a theoretical survey. Journal of Human Development. 6(1), 93-117.
Robeyns, I. (2006). Three models of education: rights, capabilities and human capital. Theory and Research in Education. 4 (1), 69-84.
Samuel, P.M. (2017). Insecurity and the Challenge of Quality Education: Some Gender Issues in Isiolo County of Kenya. Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (MA) in Education, Gender and International Development IOE, University College of London
Sen, A.K. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shefer, T., Bhana, D. and Morrell, R. (2013). Teenage pregnancy and parenting at school in contemporary South African contexts: Deconstructing school narratives and understanding policy implementation. Perspectives in Education. 31(1), 1-13.
Simons, H., (2014). Case Study Research: In-Depth Understanding in Context. Oxford Handbooks Online.
STEP-UP, (2016). Case Study-Kenya: Helping adolescent mothers remain in school through strengthened implementation of school re-entry policies. Retrieved from https://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/2016STEPUP_AdolMothersKenya.pdf
Stoebenau, K., Warner, A., Edmeades, J.D. and Sexton, M. (2015). “Girls are like leaves on the wind” How gender expectations impact girls’ education- A closer look from West Nile, Uganda. Washington: International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)
Taffa, N., Omollo, D. and Matthews, Z. (2003). Teenage pregnancy experiences in rural Kenya. International journal of adolescent medicine and health. 15(4), 331-40.
Timæus, I. M. and Moultrie, T. A. (2015). Teenage Childbearing and Educational Attainment in South Africa. Studies in Family Planning. 46 (2), 143–160.
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UNESCO. (2017). Early and Unintended Pregnancy & the Education Sector Evidence: Review and Recommendations. Paris, UNESCO.
UNFPA. (2013). Adolescent Pregnancy: A Review of the Evidence. New York, UNFPA
UNFPA. (2015). Girlhood, Not Motherhood: Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy. New York: UNFPA. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Girlhood_not_motherhood_final_web.pdf
UNFPA. (2018). Adolescent pregnancy. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/adolescent-pregnancy. Last accessed on 10th March 2018.
UNFPA. (2018). Adolescents and Youth Dashboard. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/data/dashboard/adolescent-youth . Last accessed on 10th March 2018.
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2019-07-12
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Miriti, J. M., & Mutua, M. N. (2019). TEENAGE PREGNANCIES AND GIRLS EDUCATION CAPABILITIES IN NZAMBANI WARD KITUI COUNTY IN KENYA: SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVE. International Journal of Gender Studies, 4(1), 59 – 84. Retrieved from https://www.iprjb.org/journals/index.php/IJGS/article/view/940
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