WASTEWATER QUALITY PARAMETERS AND METHANE PRODUCTION IN DANDORA ESTATE SEWERAGE TREATMENT WORKS, NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
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Keywords:
Wastewater Quality Parameters, Methane Production, Dandora Estate Sewerage Treatment WorksAbstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish wastewater quality parameters and methane production in Dandora Estate Sewerage Treatment Works, Nairobi City County, Kenya
Methods: Dandora Estate Sewerage Treatment Works has 38 ponds in eight series. There are two anaerobic ponds, six primary facultative ponds, eight secondary facultative ponds and twenty-two maturation ponds. Methane production can occur in a pond exceeding a depth of two meters, therefore anaerobic ponds (4.7 meters) and facultative ponds (2.7 meters) were considered. Laboratory research was performed to measure the amount of biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total solids, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and wastewater inflow and outflow volumes.
Results: The findings of the study revealed that Methane production is dependent on typical wastewater parameters such as pH, BOD, COD, TOW and temperature. Total organics in the wastewater is directly proportional to methane production and has a t-value of 6.425. pH and methane production have a negative correlation of -0.297 in the domestic wastewater and -0.335 from industrial sources. Increase in pH above neutral pH value 7 leads to increased alkalinity leading to reduced enzyme activity thus reduction of methane production. BOD and COD in the wastewater is affected by total organics in the wastewater. BOD is directly proportional to methane production and has a correlation value 1.0 with a t-value -5.431. COD and methane production have a correlation of 0.75. Methane production is affected my both BOD and COD in the wastewater.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended that it was important to separate domestic wastewater from industrial wastewater to allow for future efficient methane gas inventories to be conducted.
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References
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Alexander, G. a. (1988). Dandora Estate Sewerage Treatment Works (PHASE 2). Nairobi City Commission, Water and Sewerage Department.
Anunputtikul, W. a. (2004). Laboratory Scale Experiments for Biogas Production from Cassava Tubers. The joint International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment (SEE). Hua Hin, Thailand.
APHA. (2005). Standardmethods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, 20th ed.
Asano, T. a. (1987). Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Effluent Utilization for Irrigation. FAO, Land and Water Development Division, Rome.
Badrot-Nico, F. G. (2010). Taking wind into accound inthe design of waste stabilization ponds. water Sci Technol, 61:937-944.
Bousquet, P. C. (2006). Contribubion of anthropogenic and natural sources to atmospheric methane variability. Nature, 443:439-443.
Cakir, F. a. (2005). Greenhouse gas production: a comparison between aerobic and anaerobic wastemanagement technology. Water Res, 39: 4197-4203.
CH2MHill. (2008). Discussion paper for a wastewater treatment plant sector Greenhouse gas emissions Reporting protocol. 39.
Daelman, M. v. (2012). Methane emission during municipal wastewater treatment. Water Research, 46(11), 3657-3670.
DeGarie, C. C. (2000). Floating Geomembrane Covers for Odor Control and Biogas Collection and Utilization in Municipal Lagoons. Water Science Technology, Vol.42, 291-298.
DESTW. (2017). Laboratory results. Dandora Estate Sewerage Treatment Works .
El-Fadel, M. a. (2001). Methane emission from wastewater management. Environ. Pollut, 114:177-185.
Enitan, A. S. (2015). Characterization of brewery effluent composition from a beer producing industry. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 23(3):693-701.
Fatma, E. F.-H. (1998). Performance Assessment of a Wastewater Treatment Plant Producing Effluent for Irrigation in Egypt. The Environmentalists Journal, 18(2):87-93.
Fayez A., a. A.-G. (2011). Methane emission from domestic waste management facilities in Jordan- Applicability of IPCC methodology. J Air Waste Manage Assoc.50, 234-239.
Flores-Alsina, X. C. (2011). Including greenhouse gas emissions during benchmarking of wastewater treatment plant control strategies. Water Research, 45(16),4700-4710.
Forster, P. R. (2007). Changes in Atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing, in: Climate change 2007: The Physical basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Gambrill, M. M.-Y. (1986). Microcomputer-Aided Design of Waste Stabilization Ponds in Tourist Areas of Mediterranean Europe. Public health Engineer, 14(2):39-41.
Gibb. (1996). Dandora Estate Sewerage Treatment Works Desludging Works for Pond Series 1 and 2 (Vol. Vol III). Gibb, (Eastern Africa) Ltd Consulting Engineers.
Griggs, D. a. (2002). Climate change 2001: The Scientific basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Weather, 57(8), 267-269.
Gudasz, C. Y.-D. (2014). Methane fluxes show consistent temperature dependance across microbial to ecosystem scales. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature13164
Guisasola, A. H. (2008). Methane formaion in sewer systems. Water Res., 42(6), 1421-1430.
Gupta, D. S. (2012). Greenhouse gas emission from wastewater treatment plants: a case study of Noida. J. Water Sustainability, 2:131-139.
Habeeb, S. L. (2011). The Start-up of hybrid anaerobic up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor at ambient temperature. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(4):631-639.
Hernandez-Paniagua, I. R.-G.-G. (2014). Greenhouse gas mission from stabilization ponds in subtropical climates. Environ Technol, 35:727-734.
IDEQ. (2006). Rules for the Reclamation and Reuse of Municipal and Industrial Wastewater. Idaho Department of Environmental Quality. doi:IDAPA 58.01.17
IPCC. (2006). Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. (I. P. Change, Ed.) IPCC National Greengouse Gas Inventories Programme, 5(6).
IPCC. (2013). Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Progrmme, 5(Waste, Chapter 6 treatment and Disposal of Wastewater). Retrieved 2018
Isni, U. S. (2016). Biogas production and removal of COD, BOD and TSS from wastewater industrial alcohol (vinasse) by modified UASB bioreactor. University of Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur.
Kaewmai, R. H.-K. (2013). Alternative technologies for the reduction of greenhouse gas emission from palm oil mils in Thailand. J Environ Sci Technol, 47:12417-12425.
Kayombo, S. M. (2010). Waste stabilizationponds and constructed wetland design manual. UNEP International Environmental Technology Center. Retrieved from http://www.unep.or.jp/letc/Publications/Water_Sanitation/ponds_and_wetlands/Design_Manual.pdf
Konate, Y. M. (2013). Biogas production from anaerobic pond treating domestic wastewater in Bukina Faso. Desalin Water Treat, 51:2445-2452.
Lay, J. L. (1997). Analysis of Environmental Factors Affecting Methane Production from High-solids Organic Waste. Water Sci. Technology, 3:493-500.
Lettinga, G. D. (1993). Anaerobic Treatment of Domestic Sewage and Wastewater. Water Science Technology, 27(9):67-73.
Li, Y. P. (2011). Solid-state anaerobic digestion for methane production from organic waste. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15:821-826.
Mara, D. a. (1998). Design Manual for Wastwater Stabilization Ponds in Mediterranean Countries. Lagoon Technology International Ltd.
Marais, G. (1970). Dynamic behaviour of oxidation ponds. In R. McKinney (Ed.), In Proceedings of the Second Internation Symposium on Waste Treatment Lagoons (pp. 15-46). Laurence, KS: University of Kansas.
Martinez, F. C. (2014). Mathematical analysis for the optimization of a design in a facultative pond: indicator organism and organic matter. Math Probl Eng, 1-12.
McGarry, M. a. (1970). Stabilization Pond Design Criteria for Tropical Asia. In proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Waste Treatment Lagoons, (pp. 114-132). Kansas.
McGrath, R. a. (2004). An observational method for the assessment of biogas production from an anaerobic waste stabilization pond treating farm dairy wastewater. Biosyst Eng, 87:471-478.
Meiring, P. D. (1968). A guide to the Use of Ponds Systems in South Africa for the Purification of Raw and Partially Treated Sewage. CSIR Special Report, National Institute for Water Research, Pretoria.
Mes, T. S. (2003). Methane production by anaerobic digestion of wastewater and solid wastes. 59-92.
Morel, A. a. (2006). Greywater management inlow and middle-income countries, Review of different treatment systems for households or neighborhoods. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science, Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Counries, Duebendorf.
Mumba, P. B. (1999). Chemical Pollution in Selected reservoirs and Rivers in Lilongwe district, Malawi. Malawi Journal of Science and technology, 5:16-25.
Myre, G. S. (2013). Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing.
NCWSC. (2016). Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company.
NIWA. (2008). Covered Anaerobic ponds for anaerobic digestion and biogas capture piggeries. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd. NIWA. Retrieved Dec 30, 2018, from http://www.biogas.org.nz/Publications/WhosWho/biogas-pond-booklet.pdf
Olivia, M. J. (1980). Introduction to Environmental Science (2nd ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company.
Paredes, M. G. (2015). Methane emission from stabilization ponds for municipal wastewater treatment in Mexico. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 12:139-153. doi:10.1080/1943815X.2015.1110185
Pearson, H. A. (1996). Performance of the Phase II Dandora Waste Stabilization Ponds, The Largest in Africa: The Case for anaerobic Ponds. Water Science Technology, 33(7):91-98.
Picot, B. P. (2013). Biogas Production, Sludge Accumulation and Mass Alance of Carbon in Anaerobic Ponds. Water Sci. Technol, 48:23-250.
Poh, P. a. (2009). Development of anaerobic digestion methods for palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment. Bioresource Technology, 100:1-9.
Quiroga, F. (2011). Waste stabilization ponds for wastewater treatment, anaerobic pond. Retrieved May 9, 2018, from http://home.eng.iastate.edu/-tge/ce421-521/Fernando%20J.%20Trevino%20Quiroga.pdf
Rinzima, A. (1988). Anaerobic treatment of wastewater with high concentration of lipids or sulfate. PhD thesis.
Shelef, G. a. (2000). Meeting Stringent Environmental and Reuse Requirements with an Integrated Pond System for the Twenty-first Century. Water Science Technology, Vol.42, 299-305.
Silva, J. R. (2012). Influence of photperiod on Carbon dioxide and ethane emission from two pilot-scale stabilization ponds. Water Sci Technol, 66:1930-1940.
Sukias, J. C. (2011). Digestion of wastewater pond microalgae and potential inhibition by alum and ammoniacal-N. Water Sci Technol, 63:835-840.
Tabatabaei, M. S. (2011). Influential parameers on biomethane generation in anaerobic wastewater treatment plants.
Tchobanoglous, G. B. (2003). Wastewater Engineering (Treatment Disposal Reuse). (M.-H. B. Comapny, Ed.) Metcalf & Eddy, Inc, 4th Edition, 4-5.
UNEP. (2011). Near-term climate protection and clean air benefits: actions for controlling short-lived climate forcers. United Nations Environmental Programme. Retrieved 2018, from http://www.unep.org/pdf/Near_Term_Climate_Protection_and_Air_Benefits.pdf
UNFCC. (2018). Overview of project activity cycle. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved June 19, 2018, from http://unfccc.int/cdm
USEPA. (2011). Principles of design and opertions of wastewater treatment pond Systems for plant operators, engineers and managers. Office of Research and Development. Cincinnati: United State Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved Oct 2017, from http://www.epa.gov/ordntmt/ORD/NRMRL/lrpcd/projects/pons.htm
Varon, M. a. (2004). Waste Stabilization Ponds. Delft: Internation Wastewater and Sanitation Centre.
Visser, A. G. (1993). Effects of pH on methanogenesis and sulphate reduction in thermophilic (550C) UASB rectors. Bioresource Technology, 44:113-121.
Wafler, M. (2008). Training materials on anaerobic wastewater treatment. Seecon.
Wang, J. J. (2011). Methane emissions from a full-scale A/A/O wastewater treatment plant. Bioresour Technol, 102:5479-5485.
World Urbanization Prospects. (2018). United Nations Population Estimates and Projections of Major Urban Agglomerations.
Alexander, G. a. (1988). Dandora Estate Sewerage Treatment Works (PHASE 2). Nairobi City Commission, Water and Sewerage Department.
Anunputtikul, W. a. (2004). Laboratory Scale Experiments for Biogas Production from Cassava Tubers. The joint International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment (SEE). Hua Hin, Thailand.
APHA. (2005). Standardmethods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, 20th ed.
Asano, T. a. (1987). Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Effluent Utilization for Irrigation. FAO, Land and Water Development Division, Rome.
Badrot-Nico, F. G. (2010). Taking wind into accound inthe design of waste stabilization ponds. water Sci Technol, 61:937-944.
Bousquet, P. C. (2006). Contribubion of anthropogenic and natural sources to atmospheric methane variability. Nature, 443:439-443.
Cakir, F. a. (2005). Greenhouse gas production: a comparison between aerobic and anaerobic wastemanagement technology. Water Res, 39: 4197-4203.
CH2MHill. (2008). Discussion paper for a wastewater treatment plant sector Greenhouse gas emissions Reporting protocol. 39.
Daelman, M. v. (2012). Methane emission during municipal wastewater treatment. Water Research, 46(11), 3657-3670.
DeGarie, C. C. (2000). Floating Geomembrane Covers for Odor Control and Biogas Collection and Utilization in Municipal Lagoons. Water Science Technology, Vol.42, 291-298.
DESTW. (2017). Laboratory results. Dandora Estate Sewerage Treatment Works .
El-Fadel, M. a. (2001). Methane emission from wastewater management. Environ. Pollut, 114:177-185.
Enitan, A. S. (2015). Characterization of brewery effluent composition from a beer producing industry. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 23(3):693-701.
Fatma, E. F.-H. (1998). Performance Assessment of a Wastewater Treatment Plant Producing Effluent for Irrigation in Egypt. The Environmentalists Journal, 18(2):87-93.
Fayez A., a. A.-G. (2011). Methane emission from domestic waste management facilities in Jordan- Applicability of IPCC methodology. J Air Waste Manage Assoc.50, 234-239.
Flores-Alsina, X. C. (2011). Including greenhouse gas emissions during benchmarking of wastewater treatment plant control strategies. Water Research, 45(16),4700-4710.
Forster, P. R. (2007). Changes in Atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing, in: Climate change 2007: The Physical basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Gambrill, M. M.-Y. (1986). Microcomputer-Aided Design of Waste Stabilization Ponds in Tourist Areas of Mediterranean Europe. Public health Engineer, 14(2):39-41.
Gibb. (1996). Dandora Estate Sewerage Treatment Works Desludging Works for Pond Series 1 and 2 (Vol. Vol III). Gibb, (Eastern Africa) Ltd Consulting Engineers.
Griggs, D. a. (2002). Climate change 2001: The Scientific basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Weather, 57(8), 267-269.
Gudasz, C. Y.-D. (2014). Methane fluxes show consistent temperature dependance across microbial to ecosystem scales. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature13164
Guisasola, A. H. (2008). Methane formaion in sewer systems. Water Res., 42(6), 1421-1430.
Gupta, D. S. (2012). Greenhouse gas emission from wastewater treatment plants: a case study of Noida. J. Water Sustainability, 2:131-139.
Habeeb, S. L. (2011). The Start-up of hybrid anaerobic up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor at ambient temperature. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(4):631-639.
Hernandez-Paniagua, I. R.-G.-G. (2014). Greenhouse gas mission from stabilization ponds in subtropical climates. Environ Technol, 35:727-734.
IDEQ. (2006). Rules for the Reclamation and Reuse of Municipal and Industrial Wastewater. Idaho Department of Environmental Quality. doi:IDAPA 58.01.17
IPCC. (2006). Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. (I. P. Change, Ed.) IPCC National Greengouse Gas Inventories Programme, 5(6).
IPCC. (2013). Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Progrmme, 5(Waste, Chapter 6 treatment and Disposal of Wastewater). Retrieved 2018
Isni, U. S. (2016). Biogas production and removal of COD, BOD and TSS from wastewater industrial alcohol (vinasse) by modified UASB bioreactor. University of Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur.
Kaewmai, R. H.-K. (2013). Alternative technologies for the reduction of greenhouse gas emission from palm oil mils in Thailand. J Environ Sci Technol, 47:12417-12425.
Kayombo, S. M. (2010). Waste stabilizationponds and constructed wetland design manual. UNEP International Environmental Technology Center. Retrieved from http://www.unep.or.jp/letc/Publications/Water_Sanitation/ponds_and_wetlands/Design_Manual.pdf
Konate, Y. M. (2013). Biogas production from anaerobic pond treating domestic wastewater in Bukina Faso. Desalin Water Treat, 51:2445-2452.
Lay, J. L. (1997). Analysis of Environmental Factors Affecting Methane Production from High-solids Organic Waste. Water Sci. Technology, 3:493-500.
Lettinga, G. D. (1993). Anaerobic Treatment of Domestic Sewage and Wastewater. Water Science Technology, 27(9):67-73.
Li, Y. P. (2011). Solid-state anaerobic digestion for methane production from organic waste. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15:821-826.
Mara, D. a. (1998). Design Manual for Wastwater Stabilization Ponds in Mediterranean Countries. Lagoon Technology International Ltd.
Marais, G. (1970). Dynamic behaviour of oxidation ponds. In R. McKinney (Ed.), In Proceedings of the Second Internation Symposium on Waste Treatment Lagoons (pp. 15-46). Laurence, KS: University of Kansas.
Martinez, F. C. (2014). Mathematical analysis for the optimization of a design in a facultative pond: indicator organism and organic matter. Math Probl Eng, 1-12.
McGarry, M. a. (1970). Stabilization Pond Design Criteria for Tropical Asia. In proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Waste Treatment Lagoons, (pp. 114-132). Kansas.
McGrath, R. a. (2004). An observational method for the assessment of biogas production from an anaerobic waste stabilization pond treating farm dairy wastewater. Biosyst Eng, 87:471-478.
Meiring, P. D. (1968). A guide to the Use of Ponds Systems in South Africa for the Purification of Raw and Partially Treated Sewage. CSIR Special Report, National Institute for Water Research, Pretoria.
Mes, T. S. (2003). Methane production by anaerobic digestion of wastewater and solid wastes. 59-92.
Morel, A. a. (2006). Greywater management inlow and middle-income countries, Review of different treatment systems for households or neighborhoods. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science, Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Counries, Duebendorf.
Mumba, P. B. (1999). Chemical Pollution in Selected reservoirs and Rivers in Lilongwe district, Malawi. Malawi Journal of Science and technology, 5:16-25.
Myre, G. S. (2013). Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing.
NCWSC. (2016). Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company.
NIWA. (2008). Covered Anaerobic ponds for anaerobic digestion and biogas capture piggeries. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd. NIWA. Retrieved Dec 30, 2018, from http://www.biogas.org.nz/Publications/WhosWho/biogas-pond-booklet.pdf
Olivia, M. J. (1980). Introduction to Environmental Science (2nd ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company.
Paredes, M. G. (2015). Methane emission from stabilization ponds for municipal wastewater treatment in Mexico. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 12:139-153. doi:10.1080/1943815X.2015.1110185
Pearson, H. A. (1996). Performance of the Phase II Dandora Waste Stabilization Ponds, The Largest in Africa: The Case for anaerobic Ponds. Water Science Technology, 33(7):91-98.
Picot, B. P. (2013). Biogas Production, Sludge Accumulation and Mass Alance of Carbon in Anaerobic Ponds. Water Sci. Technol, 48:23-250.
Poh, P. a. (2009). Development of anaerobic digestion methods for palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment. Bioresource Technology, 100:1-9.
Quiroga, F. (2011). Waste stabilization ponds for wastewater treatment, anaerobic pond. Retrieved May 9, 2018, from http://home.eng.iastate.edu/-tge/ce421-521/Fernando%20J.%20Trevino%20Quiroga.pdf
Rinzima, A. (1988). Anaerobic treatment of wastewater with high concentration of lipids or sulfate. PhD thesis.
Shelef, G. a. (2000). Meeting Stringent Environmental and Reuse Requirements with an Integrated Pond System for the Twenty-first Century. Water Science Technology, Vol.42, 299-305.
Silva, J. R. (2012). Influence of photperiod on Carbon dioxide and ethane emission from two pilot-scale stabilization ponds. Water Sci Technol, 66:1930-1940.
Sukias, J. C. (2011). Digestion of wastewater pond microalgae and potential inhibition by alum and ammoniacal-N. Water Sci Technol, 63:835-840.
Tabatabaei, M. S. (2011). Influential parameers on biomethane generation in anaerobic wastewater treatment plants.
Tchobanoglous, G. B. (2003). Wastewater Engineering (Treatment Disposal Reuse). (M.-H. B. Comapny, Ed.) Metcalf & Eddy, Inc, 4th Edition, 4-5.
UNEP. (2011). Near-term climate protection and clean air benefits: actions for controlling short-lived climate forcers. United Nations Environmental Programme. Retrieved 2018, from http://www.unep.org/pdf/Near_Term_Climate_Protection_and_Air_Benefits.pdf
UNFCC. (2018). Overview of project activity cycle. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved June 19, 2018, from http://unfccc.int/cdm
USEPA. (2011). Principles of design and opertions of wastewater treatment pond Systems for plant operators, engineers and managers. Office of Research and Development. Cincinnati: United State Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved Oct 2017, from http://www.epa.gov/ordntmt/ORD/NRMRL/lrpcd/projects/pons.htm
Varon, M. a. (2004). Waste Stabilization Ponds. Delft: Internation Wastewater and Sanitation Centre.
Visser, A. G. (1993). Effects of pH on methanogenesis and sulphate reduction in thermophilic (550C) UASB rectors. Bioresource Technology, 44:113-121.
Wafler, M. (2008). Training materials on anaerobic wastewater treatment. Seecon.
Wang, J. J. (2011). Methane emissions from a full-scale A/A/O wastewater treatment plant. Bioresour Technol, 102:5479-5485.
World Urbanization Prospects. (2018). United Nations Population Estimates and Projections of Major Urban Agglomerations.
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2020-01-20
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Mabonga, M. K., Maingi, D. S. M., & Kirubi, D. G. (2020). WASTEWATER QUALITY PARAMETERS AND METHANE PRODUCTION IN DANDORA ESTATE SEWERAGE TREATMENT WORKS, NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(1), 1 – 20. Retrieved from https://www.iprjb.org/journals/index.php/IJES/article/view/1032
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