Exploration of Emerging Trends and Paradigms in Leadership and Governance Research and Practice in Thailand

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the exploration of emerging trends and paradigms in leadership and governance research and practice Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Emerging trends in Thai leadership and governance highlight a shift towards inclusive decision-making, ethical frameworks, and digital engagement. Sustainability and environmental stewardship are gaining importance, reflecting global concerns. This dynamic landscape blends traditional values with evolving practices. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Transformational leadership theory, complexity leadership theory & adaptive governance theory may be used to anchor future studies on the exploration of emerging trends and paradigms in leadership and governance research and practice. Implementing leadership development programs based on evidence-based practices and theories of effective leadership Developing policies to enhance transparency and accountability in government institutions, such as open data initiatives or whistleblower protection laws


Exploration of Emerging Trends and Paradigms in Leadership and Governance Research and Practice in Thailand
Chakan Kittichat

INTRODUCTION
The adoption of new leadership models, practices, and technologies can have a significant impact on organizational performance, which is often measured through industry surveys, case studies, and organizational performance metrics.Industry surveys provide a broad overview of trends and adoption rates across sectors, offering insights into the prevalence and popularity of new leadership approaches.Case studies offer in-depth examinations of specific organizations or initiatives, highlighting the challenges, benefits, and lessons learned from implementing new leadership models or technologies.Organizational performance metrics, such as financial indicators, employee engagement scores, and customer satisfaction ratings, provide quantitative measures of the impact of new leadership practices on key outcomes.For example, organizations that adopt agile methodologies often see improvements in project delivery speed, quality, and customer satisfaction, as evidenced by industry surveys and case studies (Schwaber & Sutherland, 2017).
Similarly, the adoption of data-driven decision-making tools and analytics platforms can lead to more informed and strategic decision-making processes, resulting in improved financial performance and competitive advantage (Davenport & Harris, 2007).In the case of leadership practices, organizations that prioritize employee development, empowerment, and diversity often report higher levels of employee engagement, retention, and innovation, which are reflected in both industry surveys and organizational performance metrics (Cascio, 2019).Overall, the adoption of new leadership models, practices, and technologies can have a transformative impact on organizational performance, driving innovation, agility, and sustainable growth.
In developed economies such as the USA, Japan, and the UK, the adoption of new leadership models, practices, and technologies has been steadily increasing in recent years.Industry surveys indicate a growing recognition among organizations of the need to adapt to changing market dynamics and technological advancements.For example, a survey conducted by McKinsey & Company found that 84% of executives in the United States believe that innovation is key to achieving growth and remaining competitive in their industry (Bughin, 2017).Case studies of leading companies in these economies highlight the successful implementation of new leadership models, such as transformational leadership or servant leadership, to drive organizational change and improve performance metrics.For instance, companies like Google in the USA and Toyota in Japan have embraced innovative leadership practices and technologies to foster a culture of continuous improvement and drive business success (George, 2012;Womack, 2007).
In developing economies, the adoption of new leadership models, practices, and technologies is also gaining momentum, albeit at a slower pace compared to developed economies.Industry surveys suggest that organizations in these economies face unique challenges, such as limited access to capital, infrastructure constraints, and political instability, which can impede the adoption of new leadership approaches.However, there is evidence of growing awareness among business leaders in developing economies of the importance of leveraging technology and adopting modern leadership practices to drive growth and innovation.For example, a survey conducted by the World Bank found that 65% of businesses in emerging markets have adopted digital technologies to improve efficiency and competitiveness (World Bank, 2019).Case studies from countries like India and Brazil highlight how organizations are leveraging technology platforms and agile leadership practices to overcome challenges and achieve sustainable growth in dynamic market environments (Govindarajan & Trimble, 2012;Ribeiro, 2018).In other developing economies outside of the USA, Japan, and the UK, the adoption of new leadership models, practices, and technologies varies depending on the specific context and challenges faced by each country.For example, in countries like China and South Korea, rapid economic growth and industrialization have fueled investments in technology and innovation, driving the adoption of modern leadership approaches aimed at enhancing productivity and competitiveness (Zhang & Baden-Fuller, 2010).Industry surveys indicate a growing emphasis on digital transformation and agile leadership practices among businesses in these economies, with a focus on leveraging technology to drive innovation and improve operational efficiency (Deloitte, 2020).Case studies of leading companies in sectors such as e-commerce, manufacturing, and telecommunications highlight the successful integration of digital technologies and data-driven decision-making processes to achieve sustainable growth and global market expansion (Tian et al., 2019;Kim & Jeong, 2017).
In contrast, in some African countries and other less developed economies, the adoption of new leadership models, practices, and technologies may face greater challenges due to limited resources, infrastructure gaps, and institutional constraints.However, there is growing recognition among policymakers and business leaders of the potential benefits of embracing innovation and modernizing leadership practices to drive economic development and improve livelihoods (Kiggundu, 2002).Initiatives such as government-led technology incubators, entrepreneurship programs, and public-private partnerships are emerging to support the adoption of new technologies and foster a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship (Adeleye , 2019).Case studies from countries like Nigeria, Kenya, and Rwanda highlight efforts to leverage mobile technology, renewable energy solutions, and digital platforms to address local challenges and promote inclusive growth (Ngwenyama, 2016;Kagermann, 2019).
In Latin American economies, such as Brazil and Mexico, the adoption of new leadership models, practices, and technologies is influenced by factors such as economic stability, political environment, and access to resources.Industry surveys suggest a growing interest among businesses in leveraging digital technologies and data analytics to drive innovation and improve competitiveness in the region (Inter-American Development Bank, 2018).Case studies of companies in sectors like fintech, agribusiness, and manufacturing highlight the adoption of agile leadership practices and the implementation of digital platforms to streamline operations, enhance customer experiences, and expand market reach (Moreira, 2020;Beltrán, 2019).Despite challenges related to infrastructure gaps and regulatory barriers, there is a growing momentum towards digital transformation in Latin America, with organizations increasingly investing in talent development and strategic partnerships to accelerate innovation and growth (EY, 2021).
In Middle Eastern and North African economies, such as the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia, the adoption of new leadership models, practices, and technologies is driven by initiatives to diversify economies and reduce dependence on oil revenues.Industry surveys indicate a growing emphasis on innovation and entrepreneurship as key drivers of economic development in the region, with governments launching initiatives to support startups, attract foreign investment, and foster a culture of innovation (PwC, 2020).Case studies of companies in sectors like renewable energy, healthcare, and e-commerce highlight the adoption of visionary leadership approaches and the implementation of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain to address regional challenges and capitalize on emerging opportunities (Khanna, 2019;Al-Ghamdi , 2021).While progress varies across countries, there is a shared commitment among governments and businesses in the Middle East and North Africa to embrace digital transformation and build sustainable, knowledge-based economies for the future (World Bank, 2020).
In Southeast Asian economies such as Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam, the adoption of new leadership models, practices, and technologies is driven by rapid urbanization, digitalization, and globalization.Industry surveys indicate a growing focus on innovation and entrepreneurship as key drivers of economic growth in the region, with businesses increasingly investing in digital technologies and talent development to stay competitive (McKinsey & Company, 2019).Case studies of companies in sectors such as e-commerce, fintech, and logistics highlight the adoption of agile leadership approaches and the implementation of digital platforms to capitalize on the region's growing consumer market and interconnected supply chains (Li, 2021;Techsauce, 2020).Despite challenges related to infrastructure development and regulatory environments, there is a strong momentum towards digital transformation in Southeast Asia, with governments and businesses collaborating to create enabling ecosystems for innovation and investment (ASEAN, 2021).
In African economies, such as Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa, the adoption of new leadership models, practices, and technologies is driven by a young and dynamic population, rising urbanization, and increasing connectivity.Industry surveys suggest a growing interest among businesses in leveraging digital technologies and data analytics to address local challenges and tap into new opportunities for growth (KPMG, 2020).Case studies of companies in sectors such as mobile banking, renewable energy, and agritech highlight the adoption of innovative leadership approaches and the implementation of digital solutions to improve access to essential services, create jobs, and foster inclusive growth (Githinji, 2019;Finextra, 2021).Despite infrastructure gaps and regulatory complexities, there is a growing recognition among policymakers and business leaders of the transformative potential of digital technologies in driving sustainable development and economic prosperity across the continent (African Development Bank, 2019).
In Central and Eastern European economies, such as Poland, Hungary, and Romania, the adoption of new leadership models, practices, and technologies is influenced by factors such as economic transition, EU integration, and digitalization.Industry surveys indicate a growing emphasis on innovation and digital transformation as key drivers of competitiveness and growth in the region (European Commission, 2020).Case studies of companies in sectors such as IT services, automotive manufacturing, and e-commerce highlight the adoption of agile leadership approaches and the implementation of digital solutions to enhance productivity, quality, and customer satisfaction (Wach, 2018;Kosinska, 2020).Despite challenges related to skills shortages and infrastructure development, there is a strong commitment among governments and businesses in Central and Eastern Europe to leverage technology and entrepreneurship to drive economic development and foster regional cooperation (OECD, 2019).
In Latin American and Caribbean economies, such as Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia, the adoption of new leadership models, practices, and technologies is shaped by factors such as economic diversification, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability.Industry surveys suggest a growing interest among businesses in leveraging digital technologies and innovation to address pressing challenges and tap into emerging opportunities for growth (IDB, 2021).Case studies of companies in sectors such as renewable energy, tourism, and healthcare highlight the adoption of innovative leadership approaches and the implementation of digital platforms to promote sustainable development, enhance resilience, and improve quality of life (Carmona et al., 2020;Diniz et al., 2019).Despite socio-economic disparities and governance issues, there is a shared vision among policymakers and business leaders in Latin America and the Caribbean to harness the power of technology and entrepreneurship for inclusive and sustainable growth (ECLAC, 2020).
In Sub-Saharan African economies, such as Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa, the adoption of new leadership models, practices, and technologies is influenced by factors such as rapid urbanization, youthful demographics, and increasing connectivity.Industry surveys indicate a growing interest among businesses in leveraging digital technologies and innovation to address local challenges and tap into new opportunities for growth (African Development Bank, 2020).Case studies of companies in sectors such as fintech, agriculture, and healthcare highlight the adoption of agile leadership approaches and the implementation of digital solutions to improve access to financial services, enhance agricultural productivity, and strengthen healthcare delivery systems (Masanja, 2021;Omorogbe, 2019).Despite infrastructure constraints and regulatory complexities, there is a growing recognition among policymakers and business leaders of the transformative potential of digital technologies in driving inclusive and sustainable development across the continent (World Bank, 2021).
In West African economies, such as Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Senegal, the adoption of new leadership models, practices, and technologies is driven by initiatives to diversify economies, promote regional integration, and harness the demographic dividend.Industry surveys suggest a growing emphasis on entrepreneurship and digital transformation as key drivers of economic growth in the region (UNDP, 2020).Case studies of companies in sectors such as renewable energy, e-commerce, and education highlight the adoption of innovative leadership approaches and the implementation of digital platforms to address local needs and create employment opportunities (Adom, 2020;Kyeremeh, 2018).Despite challenges related to infrastructure development and political instability, there is a shared commitment among governments and businesses in West Africa to leverage technology and innovation for sustainable development and poverty reduction (ECOWAS, 2019).
Emerging trends and paradigms in leadership and governance are continually shaping the landscape of organizations and institutions.Four prominent trends include digital transformation, inclusive leadership, agile governance, and sustainability leadership.Digital transformation involves leveraging technology to enhance organizational agility, efficiency, and innovation, requiring leaders to adapt to new ways of working and decision-making (Müller et al., 2020).Inclusive leadership emphasizes diversity, equity, and inclusion as essential components of effective leadership, promoting collaboration, creativity, and employee engagement (Mor Barak, 2016).Agile governance entails flexible and adaptive decision-making processes that enable organizations to respond quickly to changing conditions and emerging opportunities, fostering resilience and strategic agility (Sutherland, 2018).Sustainability leadership focuses on integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations into organizational strategy and operations, aligning business goals with societal and environmental priorities (Aguinis, 2018) The adoption and impact of these new leadership models, practices, and technologies are evident in industry surveys, case studies, and organizational performance metrics.Organizations that embrace digital transformation often report increased productivity, innovation, and customer satisfaction, driven by the adoption of data analytics, artificial intelligence, and digital collaboration tools (Westerman, 2014).Inclusive leadership has been linked to higher levels of employee retention, job satisfaction, and organizational performance, as diverse teams are better equipped to solve complex problems and adapt to changing market conditions (Cox, 2014).Agile governance enables organizations to respond more effectively to market disruptions and regulatory changes, leading to improved decision-making speed and strategic alignment (Ross, 2019).
Finally, sustainability leadership is associated with enhanced brand reputation, risk management, and financial performance, as organizations that prioritize ESG factors are perceived as more socially responsible and resilient (Mackey, 2017).

Problem Statement
Despite the growing interest in leadership and governance research and practice in Thailand, there is a notable gap in exploring emerging trends and paradigms.As noted by Sutthiphisal (2021), while traditional leadership models have been extensively studied, there is limited understanding of how emerging global trends, such as digitalization and environmental sustainability, shape leadership dynamics in the Thai context.Additionally, the rapid socio-political changes in Thailand demand a nuanced examination of governance practices, as highlighted by Saengjan and Srisuthisa-ard (2020), to address issues of accountability and transparency effectively.However, existing literature fails to adequately capture these evolving dynamics, hampering the development of effective leadership and governance strategies in Thailand.Thus, there is an urgent need for comprehensive research to explore and contextualize emerging trends and paradigms in leadership and governance to inform policy and practice in Thailand's evolving socio-economic landscape.

Transformational Leadership Theory
Originated by James MacGregor Burns, transformational leadership theory focuses on the leader's ability to inspire and motivate followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes through charisma, vision, and individualized consideration.This theory is relevant to the exploration of emerging trends and paradigms in leadership and governance research and practice because it emphasizes the importance of adaptability and innovation in leadership approaches to address contemporary challenges (Bass, 1985).

Complexity Leadership Theory
Proposed by Mary Uhl-Bien, Russ Marion, and Bill McKelvey, complexity leadership theory acknowledges the complex and dynamic nature of modern organizations and leadership processes.It suggests that effective leadership in complex systems involves navigating through uncertainty, fostering adaptive capacity, and enabling self-organization among followers.This theory is pertinent to the exploration of emerging trends and paradigms in leadership and governance research and practice as it addresses the need for leaders to embrace complexity and leverage diverse perspectives to drive organizational change (Uhl-Bien et al., 2007).

Adaptive Governance Theory
Developed by Ronald D. Brunner and Amanda H. Lynch, adaptive governance theory emphasizes the importance of flexible and collaborative approaches to governance that can effectively respond to changing environmental and social conditions.It advocates for adaptive management practices, stakeholder engagement, and learning-oriented decision-making processes.This theory is relevant to the exploration of emerging trends and paradigms in leadership and governance research and practice because it highlights the need for governance systems to evolve and adapt in order to address complex and interconnected challenges (Brunner & Lynch, 2010).

Empirical Review
Johnson and Smith (2017) explored the profound impact of digital transformation on leadership and governance practices within multinational corporations.The purpose of the study was to understand how the integration of digital technologies affects leadership styles and governance structures in complex organizational environments.Employing a comprehensive mixed-methods approach, the researchers sought to uncover the nuanced dynamics between digital innovation, leadership behaviors, and governance mechanisms.Through surveys and in-depth interviews with executives across various industries, the study delved into the intricate ways in which digital transformations reshape traditional hierarchies and decision-making processes.The findings illuminated a significant shift in leadership paradigms towards more collaborative and adaptive approaches in organizations embracing digital innovations.This shift correlated with improved governance structures and decision-making processes, indicating a need for leaders to adapt their strategies to effectively navigate emerging trends in governance amidst digital transformations.
Recommendations stemming from the study included the imperative for leaders to develop digital literacy and foster a culture of innovation to remain agile and responsive to the evolving needs of the digital era.
Chen (2018) delved into the intricate influence of cultural diversity on leadership and governance dynamics within global teams.Recognizing the increasing globalization of business operations and the consequent proliferation of multicultural workforces, the study aimed to explore how cultural differences impact leadership effectiveness and governance practices in diverse organizational contexts.Employing a qualitative case study methodology, the research sought to uncover the underlying mechanisms through which cultural diversity influences team dynamics and organizational outcomes.Through rigorous data analysis, the study revealed that culturally diverse teams led by culturally competent leaders exhibited higher levels of creativity, innovation, and performance.These findings underscored the importance of inclusive governance practices and cross-cultural leadership competencies in leveraging the potential benefits of cultural diversity within organizations.Recommendations stemming from the study emphasized the necessity for organizations to invest in cross-cultural training for leaders and implement inclusive governance mechanisms to harness the full potential of diverse teams in driving organizational success.
Brown and Jones (2019), the researchers sought to investigate the evolution of leadership paradigms amidst the rising tide of sustainable development initiatives.Recognizing the growing imperative for organizations to address pressing environmental and social challenges, the study aimed to understand how leadership approaches have adapted to incorporate sustainability considerations.Employing surveys and archival data analysis, the research aimed to trace the trajectory of leadership paradigms and governance structures in response to sustainability imperatives over time.The findings indicated a noticeable shift towards values-based leadership approaches that emphasize environmental stewardship, social responsibility, and ethical conduct.These findings underscored the importance of aligning leadership behaviors with organizational values and sustainability principles to promote sustainable governance.Recommendations stemming from the study highlighted the need for organizations to integrate sustainability principles into leadership development programs and cultivate ethical leadership practices to navigate the complex landscape of sustainable governance effectively.
Lee (2020) delved into the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in reshaping leadership and governance structures, particularly within the public sector.In an era marked by rapid technological advancements, the study aimed to understand how AI adoption influences decisionmaking processes, organizational structures, and leadership strategies.Recognizing the potential of AI to revolutionize governance practices, the researchers employed an in-depth case study analysis to examine the real-world implications of AI integration.The findings highlighted the need for leaders to adopt adaptive leadership behaviors and establish ethical guidelines for AI implementation.Moreover, the study emphasized the importance of leveraging AI technologies to enhance transparency, efficiency, and accountability within public sector organizations.
Recommendations stemming from the study included the imperative for policymakers to provide support for leaders in developing digital competencies to effectively navigate the complexities of AI-driven governance.Additionally, the study underscored the need for organizations to prioritize data privacy and security concerns while harnessing the transformative potential of AI technologies in governance processes.
Smith and Patel (2021) conducted a cross-national study to investigate cultural variations in leadership and governance preferences across different countries.Recognizing the increasing interconnectedness of global markets and the consequent proliferation of cross-border business operations, the study aimed to uncover how cultural differences shape leadership styles and governance practices in diverse national contexts.Recommendations stemming from the study included the imperative for organizations to provide support for leaders in developing remote leadership competencies and implementing robust communication and collaboration tools to facilitate effective governance in virtual environments.
Additionally, the study emphasized the importance of fostering a culture of trust, accountability, and flexibility to promote organizational success in the era of remote work.

METHODOLOGY
This study adopted a desk methodology.A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection.This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low-cost advantage as compared to field research.Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.

FINDINGS
The results were analyzed into various research gap categories that is conceptual, contextual and methodological gaps Conceptual Gap: While Johnson and Smith (2017) explored the impact of digital transformation on leadership and governance within multinational corporations, there remains a conceptual gap in understanding how these changes manifest differently across various industries and organizational contexts.Further research could delve into the sector-specific nuances of digital innovation's influence on leadership styles and governance structures.Lee (2020) examined the transformative role of artificial intelligence in reshaping leadership and governance structures, particularly in the public sector.However, there is a conceptual gap in understanding the ethical implications of AI adoption for governance processes and decision-making.Future research could explore ethical frameworks and guidelines to ensure responsible AI governance.
Contextual Gap: Despite Chen's (2018) examination of cultural diversity's influence on leadership and governance in global teams, there exists a contextual gap regarding the role of national cultural contexts in shaping leadership preferences and governance practices.Future research could explore how national cultural dimensions interact with organizational cultures to impact leadership effectiveness and governance dynamics.Smith and Patel (2021) conducted a cross-national study on cultural variations in leadership and governance preferences, but there is a contextual gap concerning the influence of political and institutional factors on leadership and governance practices.Further research could examine how differences in political systems and regulatory environments shape leadership behaviors and governance mechanisms.
Geographical Gap: Brown and Jones (2019) investigated the evolution of leadership paradigms in response to sustainability imperatives, but there is a geographical gap in understanding how these trends vary across different regions and economic contexts.Further research could explore cultural and institutional factors that influence the adoption of sustainable leadership practices in diverse geographical settings.Kim (2022) explored the implications of remote work arrangements on leadership and governance dynamics within virtual teams.However, there is a geographical gap in understanding how cultural differences and regulatory frameworks across countries influence the adoption and effectiveness of remote leadership practices.Further research could investigate cultural variations in remote leadership preferences and governance approaches across different countries and regions.

Conclusion
The exploration of emerging trends and paradigms in leadership and governance research and practice reflects a dynamic landscape characterized by continuous evolution and adaptation.As organizations navigate the complexities of an increasingly interconnected and rapidly changing global environment, scholars and practitioners alike are increasingly turning their attention to novel approaches and frameworks to effectively address contemporary challenges.From the integration of spirituality, values, and ethics in leadership to the adoption of transformative leadership models and the emphasis on inclusive and participatory governance structures, emerging trends underscore the importance of fostering adaptive and visionary leadership practices that are responsive to the diverse needs and aspirations of stakeholders.Moreover, the recognition of the interdependence between leadership and governance highlights the interconnectedness of individual leadership behaviors and organizational governance structures in shaping organizational performance and societal outcomes.Moving forward, further exploration and integration of these emerging trends and paradigms hold the potential to cultivate more resilient, ethical, and sustainable leadership and governance practices that can drive positive change and foster inclusive and equitable societies.Thus, by embracing and harnessing the insights gleaned from these emerging trends, organizations can chart a course toward enhanced effectiveness, innovation, and societal impact in an ever-evolving landscape.

Recommendations Theory
In the theoretical realm, researchers may focus on developing new frameworks or extending existing theories to explain phenomena related to leadership and governance.This could involve: Proposing new models of leadership that incorporate emerging concepts such as servant leadership, adaptive leadership, or distributed leadership.Investigating theories of governance effectiveness, such as principal-agent theory, network governance theory, or institutional theory.
Examining psychological theories to understand individual and group behavior in leadership contexts, such as social identity theory or transformational leadership theory.

Practice
Implementing leadership development programs based on evidence-based practices and theories of effective leadership.Designing organizational structures and decision-making processes that promote transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement.Providing training and support for leaders to enhance their skills in areas such as communication, conflict resolution, and strategic decision-making.

Policy
Developing policies to enhance transparency and accountability in government institutions, such as open data initiatives or whistleblower protection laws.Designing regulatory frameworks to address emerging challenges in areas such as cybersecurity, data privacy, or environmental sustainability.Formulating strategies for promoting ethical leadership and integrity in public and private sector organizations through codes of conduct, ethics training, and oversight mechanisms.
Through surveys and comparative analysis, the research aimed to elucidate the underlying cultural factors influencing leadership behaviors and governance mechanisms.The findings revealed significant cultural variations in leadership preferences and governance mechanisms, influenced by cultural values and institutional contexts.The study underscored the importance of cultural intelligence in effective leadership and recommended that organizations tailor governance mechanisms to local cultural norms.Moreover, the study emphasized the necessity for leaders to develop cross-cultural competencies and foster inclusive leadership practices to navigate the complexities of global business environments successfully.Kim (2022) examined the implications of remote work arrangements on leadership and governance dynamics within virtual teams.As the global workforce undergoes a paradigm shift towards remote work models, the study aimed to understand how virtual collaboration impacts leadership effectiveness and governance structures.Through a quantitative survey analysis, the researchers investigated how remote work arrangements influence communication, trust-building, and performance management within virtual teams.The findings highlighted the unique challenges faced by virtual leaders and underscored the importance of transformational leadership behaviors and leveraging technology for enhancing virtual collaboration and governance processes.