Agricultural Practices and Climate Resilience: Case Study in Vietnam

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze agricultural practices and climate resilience: case study in Vietnam. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.


Agricultural Practices and Climate Resilience: Case Study in Vietnam
Hoang Tuan

INTRODUCTION
Agricultural resilience to climate variability in developed economies such as the USA, Japan, or the UK is crucial for ensuring food security and economic stability.One notable example is the USA, where advancements in crop breeding techniques have led to increased resilience to climate change.For instance, a study by Lobell and Field (2007) found that in the United States, the adoption of heat-tolerant varieties of maize has contributed to maintaining stable crop yields despite rising temperatures.Additionally, investments in precision agriculture technologies, such as remote sensing and data analytics, have enabled farmers to better monitor and manage their crops, enhancing resilience to climate variability.
Another example can be seen in Japan's agricultural sector, where innovative irrigation systems and water management practices have helped mitigate the impacts of drought and flooding.
According to a study by Tanaka (2016), Japan has implemented efficient water-saving technologies in rice cultivation, resulting in increased water-use efficiency and reduced vulnerability to water scarcity.Furthermore, the integration of climate-smart agricultural practices, such as crop diversification and soil conservation, has further enhanced the resilience of Japan's agricultural systems to climate variability.In developing economies, such as those in Southeast Asia and Latin America, agricultural resilience to climate variability remains a pressing issue.For instance, in countries like Thailand and Brazil, smallholder farmers are particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events such as floods and droughts.Research by Nguyen et al. (2018) highlights the importance of promoting climate-resilient crop varieties and implementing sustainable land management practices to enhance agricultural resilience in these regions.Additionally, investment in rural infrastructure and access to climate information services can further support adaptation efforts and strengthen the resilience of smallholder farmers to climate variability.
In developed economies such as the UK, advancements in agroforestry practices have contributed to enhancing agricultural resilience to climate variability.Agroforestry involves integrating trees into agricultural landscapes, providing multiple benefits such as soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and improved water management.Studies like Smith (2017) have demonstrated the positive impacts of agroforestry systems on crop yield stability and resilience to extreme weather events in the UK.By diversifying farm landscapes and incorporating tree cover, farmers can buffer against climate shocks while promoting sustainable land use practices.
Moreover, in the USA, the adoption of conservation agriculture techniques has bolstered agricultural resilience to climate variability.Conservation agriculture emphasizes minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations, aiming to improve soil health, water retention, and overall ecosystem resilience.Research by Pittelkow (2015) highlights how conservation agriculture practices, such as no-till farming and cover cropping, have enhanced the adaptive capacity of farmers to cope with climate change impacts, including drought and soil erosion, in the USA.By prioritizing soil conservation and biodiversity preservation, farmers can build resilience into their agricultural systems, ensuring long-term productivity and environmental sustainability.In developing economies like India, the promotion of climate-resilient crop varieties has emerged as a key strategy to enhance agricultural resilience.Varieties of crops such as rice, wheat, and maize that are tolerant to drought, heat, or flooding are being developed and disseminated to farmers to mitigate the impacts of climate variability.Research by Khush (2013)   The adoption of Climate-Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices is paramount for enhancing agricultural resilience to climate variability.CSA practices encompass a range of techniques aimed at improving productivity, conserving natural resources, and mitigating climate-related risks.Crop rotation is one such practice that involves alternating the types of crops grown on a particular piece of land over time.This practice helps improve soil health, reduce pest and disease pressure, and enhance nutrient cycling, thereby contributing to crop yield stability (Hatfield, 2011).Additionally, water management techniques, such as rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation, play a crucial role in mitigating the impacts of drought and flooding.Efficient water management not only ensures optimal crop growth and yield but also helps buffer against water scarcity and excess water during extreme weather events, thus enhancing resilience to climate variability (Zhang, 2018).
Furthermore, the integration of cover cropping and conservation tillage practices can significantly contribute to agricultural resilience.Cover cropping involves planting non-commercial crops during fallow periods to protect and enrich the soil, improve water infiltration, and suppress weeds.Conservation tillage techniques, on the other hand, minimize soil disturbance and maintain crop residues on the soil surface, reducing erosion and improving soil structure.These practices enhance soil moisture retention, reduce soil erosion, and increase organic matter content, thereby bolstering resistance to drought and flooding while promoting crop yield stability (Pittelkow, 2015).Overall, the adoption of these CSA practices not only enhances agricultural productivity but also strengthens the adaptive capacity of farmers to cope with climate variability, ensuring food security and sustainable livelihoods.

Problem Statement
Climate change poses significant challenges to agricultural systems in developing countries, threatening food security, livelihoods, and economic stability.With the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves, smallholder farmers in developing countries are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability.Traditional agricultural practices often lack resilience to these changing climatic conditions, exacerbating the vulnerability of rural communities.For instance, studies by Tesfaye (2019) and Uddin (2017) have highlighted the detrimental effects of climate change on crop yields, soil fertility, and water availability in countries like Ethiopia and Bangladesh.As a result, there is an urgent need to identify and promote climate-smart agricultural practices that enhance resilience and adaptive capacity in these contexts.

Social-Ecological Systems Theory (SES)
Originating from Elinor Ostrom's work, SES theory focuses on the complex interactions between social and ecological systems within a particular context.It emphasizes the importance of understanding the dynamics between human activities and environmental conditions.In the context of agricultural practices and climate resilience in developing countries, SES theory provides a framework for examining how farmers' decisions and actions influence and are influenced by their surrounding ecological conditions, such as climate variability and natural resource availability (Folke, 2010).By applying SES theory, researchers can analyze how agricultural practices contribute to climate resilience by exploring adaptive strategies employed by communities to cope with environmental stressors while maintaining agricultural productivity.

Adaptive Capacity Theory
Adapted from the work of scholars like Brian Walker and David Salt, adaptive capacity theory focuses on the ability of systems to adjust to changing conditions effectively.In the context of agricultural practices and climate resilience, this theory underscores the significance of understanding how individuals, communities, and institutions can enhance their capacity to adapt to climate change impacts.It involves factors such as access to resources, technological innovations, knowledge dissemination, and governance structures that enable proactive responses to climate-related challenges (Adger, 2006).By employing adaptive capacity theory, researchers can investigate the mechanisms through which agricultural communities in developing countries build resilience to climate change, identifying key factors that facilitate or hinder their adaptive capacity.

Political Ecology Theory
Originating from the works of scholars like Karl Zimmerer and Michael Watts, political ecology theory examines the political-economic processes that shape human-environment interactions.It emphasizes the unequal distribution of power and resources that influence environmental management practices and outcomes.In the context of agricultural practices and climate resilience, political ecology theory highlights the role of socio-political factors, such as land tenure systems, agricultural policies, and international trade regimes, in shaping farmers' vulnerability to climate change impacts (Blaikie, 1985).By applying political ecology theory, researchers can analyze how power dynamics and institutional arrangements influence the adoption of climate-resilient agricultural practices in developing countries, shedding light on underlying structural barriers and opportunities for transformative change.

Empirical Review
Bastos (2019) delved into the intricate relationship between deforestation and regional climate patterns specifically within the Brazilian Amazon.Through meticulous examination of a myriad of empirical studies, they discern the multifaceted impacts of deforestation, ranging from altered precipitation regimes to shifts in temperature patterns and modifications in atmospheric circulation.The review synthesizes findings indicating that deforestation not only contributes to changes in local weather but also has broader implications for regional climate dynamics.By highlighting the interconnectedness between land-use change and climate, the study underscores the urgent need for sustainable land management strategies to mitigate the adverse climatic effects of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.Furthermore, the authors stress the importance of interdisciplinary research and evidence-based policies to address the complex challenges posed by deforestation and climate change in the region.Through their comprehensive analysis, Bastos et al. provide valuable insights into the mechanisms driving deforestation-induced climate impacts and advocate for holistic approaches to conservation and climate mitigation efforts in the Amazon basin.
Duarte and Costa (2017) assessed the repercussions of deforestation on regional climate dynamics specifically in the Eastern Amazon.Utilizing a regional climate model coupled with land surface processes, the study simulates various deforestation scenarios to gauge their impact on precipitation distribution, surface temperatures, and atmospheric circulation patterns.Through their rigorous methodology, the authors provide compelling evidence of the significant alterations in regional climate patterns induced by deforestation.Findings highlight the critical role of land cover change in shaping local weather and climate systems in the Eastern Amazon.By elucidating the complex interactions between deforestation and regional climate, the study underscores the urgent need for implementing forest conservation measures and reforestation initiatives in the region.The research contributes valuable insights into the potential climatic consequences of ongoing deforestation in the Eastern Amazon and underscores the importance of proactive measures to mitigate these impacts.
Lawrence and Vandecar (2015) investigated the intricate nexus between tropical deforestation, regional climate patterns, and agricultural productivity.Their empirical study elucidates how deforestation disrupts precipitation patterns, elevates surface temperatures, and alters the suitability of agricultural lands in tropical regions.By quantifying the impacts of deforestation on both climate and agriculture, the study underscores the interconnectedness between land-use change and food security in tropical regions.Findings from the study provide compelling evidence of the adverse climatic effects of deforestation on agricultural systems, highlighting the urgent need for implementing sustainable land management practices.The research underscores the imperative of addressing deforestation not only to mitigate climate change but also to safeguard agricultural livelihoods in tropical regions.Through their interdisciplinary approach, Lawrence and Vandecar offer valuable insights into the complex interactions between land-use change, climate, and food production, emphasizing the importance of holistic approaches to land management and conservation.Liu (2016) investigated the spatial dimensions of the impacts of forest conservation programs on rural livelihoods in China and their ramifications for regional climate patterns.Through an integrative approach encompassing household surveys, remote sensing analysis, and spatial modeling, the study elucidates the heterogeneous impacts of forest conservation initiatives on rural households' livelihood strategies and land use decisions.Findings underscore the necessity of incorporating socioeconomic considerations into forest conservation policies to achieve synergies between poverty alleviation goals and climate resilience objectives at the regional scale.The research contributes valuable insights into the complex interactions between land-use change, socioeconomic dynamics, and climate resilience, highlighting the importance of holistic approaches to conservation and development.By integrating spatial analysis techniques with social science methods, Liu offer a nuanced understanding of the impacts of conservation policies on rural livelihoods and regional climate patterns, emphasizing the need for context-specific approaches to sustainable land management.
Hansen (2013) presented high-resolution global maps of forest cover change for the 21st century, shedding light on the magnitude and spatial patterns of deforestation worldwide.Through an innovative approach integrating satellite imagery, machine learning algorithms, and spatial analysis techniques, the study unveils the extensive loss of forest cover and its profound implications for carbon emissions, biodiversity loss, and regional climate variability.Their findings underscore the urgent imperative of concerted efforts to combat deforestation and promote sustainable land management practices to mitigate the adverse climatic and ecological impacts observed globally.By providing a comprehensive assessment of global forest cover change dynamics, the research offers valuable insights into the drivers and consequences of deforestation, highlighting the need for coordinated action to address this pressing environmental challenge.Through their groundbreaking methodology, Hansen et al. provide a robust scientific basis for informed decision-making and policy development aimed at curbing deforestation and conserving global forest resources.

METHODOLOGY
This study adopted a desk methodology.A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection.This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low-cost advantage as compared to field research.Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.

FINDINGS
The results were analyzed into various research gap categories that is conceptual, contextual and methodological gaps Conceptual Gaps: Bastos (2019) delved into the intricate relationship between deforestation and regional climate patterns, yet there remains a conceptual gap in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving these effects, particularly within specific geographical contexts such as the Brazilian Amazon and the Eastern Amazon.While existing research has provided valuable insights into the multifaceted impacts of deforestation on climate, there is a need for more nuanced investigations into the indirect and cascading effects of land-use change on regional climate systems.This includes exploring feedback loops, non-linear dynamics, and synergistic interactions between deforestation, atmospheric processes, and socio-economic factors.Despite studies by Lawrence and Vandecar (2015) elucidating the impacts of deforestation on precipitation patterns and surface temperatures, limited research has explored the interconnectedness between deforestation, regional climate patterns, and socio-economic factors such as agricultural productivity, livelihoods, and food security.Addressing these conceptual gaps will require interdisciplinary research efforts that integrate climatology, ecology, social sciences, and land-use dynamics to comprehensively understand the complex relationships between deforestation and regional climate patterns.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the case study on agricultural practices and climate resilience in developing countries underscores the critical importance of integrating sustainable farming techniques with climate adaptation strategies.Through a comprehensive examination of agricultural systems in these regions, it becomes evident that climate change poses significant challenges to food security, livelihoods, and rural economies.However, the case study also highlights the potential for innovative agricultural practices to enhance resilience and mitigate the impacts of climate variability and extreme weather events.

Furthermore
, in countries like Zambia and Malawi, investments in small-scale irrigation schemes are essential for mitigating the impacts of climate variability on agriculture.Smallholder farmers often rely on rainfed agriculture, making them vulnerable to droughts and erratic rainfall patterns.Initiatives such as the Smallholder Irrigation Program (SIP) in Zambia and the Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP) in Malawi aim to improve access to irrigation technologies and support farmers in adopting water-efficient farming practices.Research byTembo (2015) highlights the positive impacts of small-scale irrigation on crop yields, household income, and food security in sub-Saharan Africa.By expanding access to irrigation and promoting sustainable water management practices, countries in the region can enhance agricultural resilience and reduce vulnerability to climate change.
Moreover, the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices in developing countries faces various barriers and challenges that hinder their widespread implementation.Limited access to resources, including finance, technology, and knowledge, restricts the ability of smallholder farmers to adopt innovative practices.Additionally, institutional and policy constraints often undermine efforts to promote climate resilience in agriculture.Research byGummert (2016) andThierfelder (2017) has emphasized the importance of supportive policies, extension services, and infrastructure development in facilitating the adoption of climate-smart practices in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.Addressing these barriers requires integrated approaches that empower farmers, strengthen institutional capacities, and promote enabling environments for sustainable agricultural development in the face of climate change.
Nepstad (2014) evaluated the efficacy of public policies and interventions in curbing Amazon deforestation and mitigating its climatic impacts.Through a comprehensive analysis encompassing satellite monitoring, economic assessments, and stakeholder consultations, the study identifies targeted interventions in beef and soy supply chains as effective strategies for reducing deforestation rates and ameliorating associated climatic disruptions.Their findings underscore the critical role of regulatory measures and market-based incentives in promoting sustainable land use practices and fostering climate resilience in the Amazon region.By highlighting the potential of supply chain interventions to mitigate deforestation, the study offers practical solutions for addressing one of the primary drivers of land-use change in the Amazon.The research contributes valuable insights into the complex socio-economic and environmental dynamics driving deforestation in the Amazon and underscores the importance of multistakeholder collaboration in implementing effective conservation strategies.DeFries, Bounoua, and Collatz (2015) undertook a forward-looking empirical study to project the potential impacts of human-induced landscape modification, including deforestation, on surface climate dynamics over the next fifty years.By integrating a global vegetation model with climate simulations, the study forecasts significant alterations in surface temperature, precipitation patterns, and atmospheric circulation induced by deforestation.Their findings underscore the imperative of incorporating land use change dynamics into future climate projections and implementing adaptive management strategies to mitigate foreseeable climate risks stemming from ongoing deforestation.The research offers valuable insights into the long-term climatic consequences of human land use activities, highlighting the need for proactive measures to address land-use change and climate change concurrently.Through their interdisciplinary approach, DeFries et al. provide a comprehensive assessment of the potential impacts of land-use change on future climate dynamics, emphasizing the importance of integrating land management considerations into climate policy and planning initiatives.
Mkomwa (2018))sian countries like Vietnam, the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices is crucial for enhancing resilience to climate variability.Initiatives such as the Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP), which promotes resource-efficient and climate-resilient rice cultivation techniques, have gained traction among farmers.Research byGummert (2016)showcases how the SRP's principles, including alternate wetting and drying irrigation and integrated pest management, have led to improved water productivity and resilience to drought and flooding in Vietnam's Mekong Delta.By integrating such climate-smart practices into agricultural systems, countries in Southeast Asia can mitigate climate risks and sustainably increase food production to meet growing demand.Similarly, in Latin American economies like Colombia and Peru, Studies likeMkomwa (2018)have shown the positive impacts of agroecological practices on smallholder farmer resilience to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa.By prioritizing nature-based solutions and indigenous knowledge systems, countries in the region can strengthen the adaptive capacity of farmers and foster sustainable agricultural development.
Place (2013)9)017)portance of breeding for climate resilience in staple crops, highlighting successful examples such as flood-tolerant rice varieties in South Asia.By equipping farmers with resilient crop varieties, developing economies can bolster food security and livelihoods in the face of changing climatic conditions.agroecologicalapproachesarebeingadopted to enhance agricultural resilience.Agroecology emphasizes the integration of ecological principles into farming systems, promoting biodiversity, soil health, and ecosystem services.Studies by Altieri and Nicholls (2020) highlight successful agroecological initiatives in Latin America, such as organic coffee production and diversified agroforestry systems, which have improved smallholder farmer livelihoods and resilience to climate variability.By prioritizing agroecology and farmer-centered approaches, countries in Latin America can build resilient agricultural systems that are adaptive to changing climatic conditions while promoting environmental sustainability and social equity.In African economies such as Kenya and Uganda, the promotion of drought-tolerant crop varieties and improved water management practices is critical for building agricultural resilience.involvesminimumsoildisturbance,permanentsoilcover, and crop rotations, which improve soil health, water retention, and overall ecosystem resilience.Initiatives such as the Africa Conservation Tillage Network (ACT) have been instrumental in promoting CA practices among smallholder farmers.Research byThierfelder (2017)demonstrates how the adoption of CA techniques, such as no-till farming and mulching, has led to increased crop yields and resilience to drought in sub-Saharan Africa.By prioritizing CA adoption and providing support for capacity building and technology transfer, countries in the region can enhance food security and mitigate the impacts of climate variability on agriculture.Moreover, in countries like Ethiopia and Malawi, investments in climate-resilient crop varieties are essential for building agricultural resilience.Climate-smart crop breeding programs focus on developing varieties that are tolerant to drought, heat, pests, and diseases, thereby reducing farmers' vulnerability to climate shocks.Initiatives such as the Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA) project and the Heat Tolerant Maize for Asia (HTMA) project have successfully introduced resilient maize varieties in sub-Saharan Africa.Research byTesfaye (2019)highlights the positive impacts of adopting climate-resilient maize varieties on smallholder farmer livelihoods and food security in Ethiopia.By scaling up the dissemination of resilient crop varieties and providing support for seed systems, countries in sub-Saharan Africa can strengthen agricultural resilience and promote sustainable development in the face of climate change.In countries such as Kenya and Tanzania, the adoption of agroforestry practices plays a significant role in building agricultural resilience.Agroforestry systems integrate trees with crops and livestock, providing multiple benefits such as soil conservation, improved water retention, and increased biodiversity.Initiatives like the World Agroforestry Centre's (ICRAF) Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) approach have been successful in promoting agroforestry among smallholder farmers.Research byPlace (2013)demonstrates how FMNR has improved soil fertility, increased crop yields, and enhanced resilience to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa.By scaling up agroforestry interventions and providing training and extension services, countries in the region can strengthen agricultural productivity and resilience while promoting environmental sustainability.
Contextual Gaps: Nepstad's study in 2014 evaluating the effectiveness of policy interventions in the Amazon identifies a contextual gap in research examining the effectiveness of different policy interventions and conservation strategies in mitigating the climatic impacts of deforestation across diverse socio-economic and environmental contexts.While existing studies have provided valuable insights into the immediate environmental consequences of deforestation, there is a need for more holistic assessments that consider the long-term ecological, socio-economic, and governance dimensions of land-use change.DeFries, Bounoua, and Collatz's forward-looking empirical study in 2015 projecting the impacts of human-induced landscape modification highlight another contextual gap in understanding the broader implications of deforestation on ecosystem resilience, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystem services provision.Despite efforts to quantify the immediate climatic impacts of deforestation, limited attention has been paid to the long-term ecological consequences, including shifts in ecosystem dynamics, species composition, and ecosystem functions.Addressing these contextual gaps will require interdisciplinary research approaches that integrate ecological, social, and governance perspectives to develop holistic strategies for mitigating the adverse impacts of deforestation on ecosystems and human well-being.While Hansen's study in 2013 provides high-resolution global maps of forest cover change, there remains a geographical gap in our understanding of the broader implications of deforestation on regional climate patterns.Research on the impacts of deforestation has primarily focused on specific regions such as the Amazon basin and Southeast Asia, neglecting other critical ecosystems and geographical contexts.Despite extensive research in these regions, there is limited coverage of temperate and boreal forests where deforestation and land-use change are also prevalent.Additionally, studies examining the regional climate impacts of deforestation tend to be concentrated in specific geographical regions, with limited comparative analyses across diverse ecosystems and climatic zones.Despite the interconnectedness of global climate systems, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding how land-use changes in one region may affect climate systems in neighboring areas, indicating a geographical gap in our understanding of the spatial dynamics of deforestation-induced climate impacts.Addressing these geographical gaps will require collaborative research efforts that span multiple geographical regions, ecosystems, and climatic zones to develop a more nuanced understanding of the spatial variability and interconnectedness of deforestation-induced climate impacts on a global scale.
By promoting agro ecological approaches such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and integrated pest management, farmers can build resilience to climate change while simultaneously improving soil health, water retention, and biodiversity.Additionally, the adoption of climate-smart technologies such as drought-resistant crop varieties, rainwater harvesting systems, and precision agriculture can help farmers adapt to changing climatic conditions and optimize resource use efficiency.Moreover, enhancing access to climate information and early warning systems can empower farmers to make informed decisions and proactively manage climate-related risks.Strengthening institutional support, market linkages, and financial mechanisms can further enable smallholder farmers to invest in climate-resilient practices and diversify their income sources.Ultimately, achieving climate resilience in agriculture requires a holistic approach that addresses socioeconomic, institutional, and environmental factors.By prioritizing sustainable land management, promoting knowledge exchange and capacity building, and fostering multi-stakeholder partnerships, policymakers, practitioners, and communities can work together to build a more resilient and food-secure future for vulnerable populations in developing countries.Recognize and integrate indigenous knowledge systems into agricultural practices.Indigenous communities often possess valuable insights into locally adapted farming techniques and environmental management practices, which can enhance the resilience of agricultural systems to climate change.Develop theoretical frameworks that emphasize building adaptive capacity at the community level.This involves enhancing farmers' ability to anticipate, cope with, and recover from the impacts of climate change through improved access to resources, information, and technologies.Encourage diversification of crops and livestock to increase resilience to climate variability.Promote mixed cropping, agroforestry, and integrated livestock-crop systems, which enhance biodiversity, soil fertility, and pest resilience.Implement water management techniques such as rainwater harvesting, small-scale irrigation, and conservation agriculture practices like mulching and contour plowing.These practices help improve water availability and soil moisture retention, particularly in regions prone to drought.Establish capacity building programs to educate farmers about climate-resilient agricultural practices.This includes training on sustainable land management, climate-smart technologies, and early warning systems for extreme weather events.Develop and implement policies that support climate-resilient agriculture.This includes financial incentives for adopting climate-smart practices, subsidies for climate-resilient crop varieties, and regulations that promote sustainable land management and conservation.Allocate resources for research and innovation in climate-resilient agricultural technologies and practices.Support collaborative research initiatives between governments, academia, and private sectors to develop and disseminate climate-smart solutions tailored to local contexts.Integrate climate risk management strategies into agricultural policies and programs.This involves establishing insurance schemes, emergency relief funds, and social safety nets to cushion farmers against climate-related shocks and losses.Foster stakeholder engagement and participatory decisionmaking processes involving farmers, local communities, government agencies, and civil society organizations.This ensures that climate-resilient agricultural interventions are contextually relevant, socially acceptable, and sustainable.